The Effect Of Participation On Physical Activity Among...

Individuals of today’s society, construct their personal ambitions and beliefs from both the current social system and popular beliefs. The purpose of this analytic essay is to critically evaluate the variation of participation trends in physical activity amongst high school students as well as identify how participation can be influenced. Furthermore, primary and collected secondary data will be compared and contrasted to identify if the proposed hypothesis is supported. In conclusion of this essay, strategies will be proposed at Nambour State High School to potentially overcome the numerous social barriers surrounding participation in Sports Aerobics. Like any new sport, Sports Aerobics is seeking recognition and acceptance as a†¦show more content†¦Dino Franco Felluga (2002) states that hegemony or hegemonic power is â€Å"The process by which dominant culture maintains its dominant position.† Powerful sources, such as the media, are able to manipulate an individual’s thoughts and brainwash them into believing that males and females have certain traits which separate them from each other. These sources also convey dominant messages and persuade the audience to perceive that masculinity and physical activity are associated with being male, whereas females are associated with being delicate and unable to participate in large amounts of physical activity as it affects their ability to reproduce effectively. The NSW Sport and recreation information sheet (2014) states that â€Å"Women have made a consistent and significant contribution to Australian sport at all levels, yet their achievements on the whole rece ive limited coverage by the mass media†. It covers recent statistics on media coverage for male and female athletes for radio, television and newspaper broadcast. Radio statistics state that women make up 1.4% of radio time, 2.0% of television time and only 10.7% of newspaper coverage (NSW Sport and Recreation, 2014). Evidently, this displays how men dominate over females in regards to physical activity and sport in the media. If female sports are not exposed to the population, how are female athletes expected to be socially

William Shakespeare s The Twelfth Night - 1336 Words

Unrelenting Love Far from an unfamiliar concept, love can be seen throughout time by tracing its countless strings in stories of ancient gods and goddesses to modern fairytales. As such a timeless and endless subject, society continues redefining, reanalyzing, and recasting it as humanity deciphers its many facets. The resulting interpretations appear in some of history’s greatest artworks, in forms of musical compositions, paintings, or dramas. Shakespeare explores his own view of love throughout the comedic Twelfth Night, with its many love conflicts and subplots. Set in Elizabethan times, the play contradicts the common belief of a set hierarchy that controls the universe. The hierarchy begins with God, filtering down through celestial objects, man, animals, plants, and ending at elements. Each of the four distinct levels contains a primate, a head among the group running along the border of the next rather than inside of it. These positions and the levels themselves develo p from the balance of elements. The more perfectly the elements mix, the higher they are in the pecking order and the less prone they are to decay. Shakespeare, instead of depicting his characters to follow this hierarchy, allows them to break social norms of the time in the name of love. Through the quickly knotting ties between those of the love triangle, Shakespeare surmises that love surpasses any limitations. Orsino continuously faces dead ends regarding Olivia, yet, allows none to hinder himShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night2005 Words   |  9 Pagesrole that gender plays in Shakespeare’s work. Focus on Twelfth Night or King Lear—or discuss both plays together. Do you see these patterns repeated? Or do you see them being challenged and somehow undermined (implicitly or explicitly) in the plots and language of the play s)?† wants to know if Shakespeare wanted to break the pattern of women being passive objects to men in the literature. I n the story Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare all of the roles are played by men. In the fifteenth centuryRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1967 Words   |  8 Pages William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Twelfth Night† or â€Å"What You Will† was written around 1601-1602 with the primary performance being in February 1602. It is known to be a high point of Shakespearian comedy as it is one of Shakespeare’s finest works. Twelfth night was written to commemorate the close of the Christmas season being possibly one of the first ever holiday specials, kind of like the Middle Ages version of â€Å"Love Actually†. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated duringRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night Essay2147 Words   |  9 Pagesaffection for another person,† love takes on many forms throughout life and literature (Merriam-Webster). Through its passionate drama and witty repartee, Twelfth Night, by Willi am Shakespeare, explores the intricate, and often complicated, realm of interpersonal love. By tracing the intertwining storylines of four unique characters, Shakespeare communicates the futility of self-love, the desperation of hopeless love, and the immeasurable virtue of selfless love. An after-effect of human’s sinfulRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night947 Words   |  4 PagesLove affection Recently, I’ve been reading an intriguing play, Twelfth Night, which was written by William Shakespeare. What interests me in this play most is the fact that there are a lot of love interests. Duke Orsino is greatly attracted to a gentlewoman called Olivia. However, despite his attempts to court her, she rejects his approaches as she claims to be in a period of mourning for her dead brother which has been going on for seven years. Olivia forms a tight friendship with Viola, a womanRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1436 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is perhaps one of the most famous writers of English literature. His writings and plays have touched the lives of many people. At some point in our lives, whether we are aware of it or not, we have all come across a poem, play or perhaps even an old adage that was written by William Shakespeare that has captured our attention. I still remember the very first time I read Romeo and Juliet in high school. The st ory was one of the most memorable pieces of literature that I recallRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe very ï ¬ rst word following the dramatis personae in the text of William Shakespeare s comedy, Twelfth Night, or What You Will, is Music. The first thing that playgoers hear at the beginning is music. This music is being played for a duke, a powerful lord residing over the setting of all the characters. He is surrounded by other lords and his attendant, Curio. The duke, Orsino, cannot help but comment: If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1155 Words   |  5 Pagesmany aspects. Sometimes they may try to force people to act upon certain rules that define their place in society. They often try to meet expectations that society has made for them based on gender and social status. William Shakespeare reinforces these ideas in his play Twelfth Night, which introduces many meaningful messages about situations that still occur in society today. He clearly develops important themes worthy of analysis. A few of these strong themes are about stereotypes and society’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1218 Words   |  5 PagesTwelfth Night, a romantic piece by William Shakespeare expresses a complex love triangle in the village of Illyria. One of the primary protagonists, Viola is washed up onto the shores during violent storms that separate her and her biological twin brother Sebastian. Viola is uncertain if her brother Sebastian survived. It is a coincidence, that the tragic shipwreck carried Viola to the enemy state (Illyria). Unfortunately, this forces the character to go into disguise in order to survive on the maleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1979 Words   |  8 Pageshas died. This is extremely emotionally tolling both on the nurses and the patients and lying seems like a kinder option. A situation such as this one would be deception to gain something but is helping the person being lied to. In William Shakespeare s Twelfth Night, one main characters, Viola, wakes up on the shores of Illyria after a shipwreck in which her brother has presumably died. She formulates a plan to work for the Duke, Orsino who is hopelessly in love with the sought-after Olivia. ThisRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1106 Words   |  5 Pagescharacters. Before movies, people learned about love in literature. Even in the old literature, love was a common theme. In Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Twelfth Nightâ⠂¬ , different types of love between the characters are investigated. Each of the characters’ relationships play a role in the development of the story. The first and main type of love in â€Å"Twelfth Night is true love. The story’s plot is driven by the complicated love triangle between Orsino, Viola, and Olivia. However, Viola’s love is the only true

Text Analysis of Gerry Adam’s Speech After 1994 Ira Ceasefire Free Essays

A) Who wrote the text, when, and what was their role? Gerry Adams in October 1994. Gerry Adams is the political leader of the nationalist party Sinn Fein in Northern Ireland. B) In what historical context was the text produced? Throughout the twentieth century, Northern Ireland has been divided in its identity and affiliations as a state and nation. We will write a custom essay sample on Text Analysis of Gerry Adam’s Speech After 1994 Ira Ceasefire or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are those who say the entirety of Ireland should be one nation, separate from the sovereignty of Britain. And there are those who believe that even just parts of Ireland should still be loyal to the Crown and Britain. This civil war was also fuelled by sectarian conflict. Most Catholics were nationalists, and most Protestants were loyalists. On the second half of the twentieth century, paramilitary groups on both sides used a staggering amount of violence against each other, including a bombing attempt on former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. It was only in the late 1980s that there has been significant progress in the peace process. This included the power sharing treaties such as the Anglo-Irish Agreement on 1985, and the Downing Street Declaration at 1993. At the end of August 1994, the Irish Republican Army announced a ceasefire of its paramilitary actions. C) What information can be gained from the text? Gerry Adams is of the view that Ireland should be able to exercise self-determination. He is also of the view that the British government is doing more harm than good, by stalling and intervening with the Irish nationalists. He likens the case of Northern Ireland to that of South Africa, where a new structure of government would advance the peace process. Gerry Adams also lists the ways that the British government has tried to intervene in Northern Ireland, specifically how they have all been failures. The failure of the previous Stormont Government, the B-Specials, and as well as the British government’s failures in upholding their word. He accuses the British government of stalling advances of the peace process. D) What significance did the text have in its own time? (i. e. How was it received, responded to, celebrated or decried? ) What problems may the text pose for the historian? It was both celebrated and criticised. Those of the nationalist mind supported Adam’s speech. But there was also those that were skeptical of not only his speech, but as well as the actions that has taken place in the past few months. Adams also mentions that complete peace cannot be done overnight, and would involve inclusive dialogue from all parties. His speech reinforces what the conservative nationalists have believed all along. The ceasefire in August 1994, along with the loyalist ceasefire, created some ground in Sinn Fein’s campaign in getting into peace talks. In December 1994, it was announced that Sinn Fein would be included in talks. So this speech was instrumental in determining the goal of Sinn Fein at the time, as well as furthering it into realisation. Those skeptical of the August ceasefire definitely voiced their concerns. Permanency was the concept that the loyalists wanted. This speech does not even address the issue of permanency. This is a glaring omission in Adams’s speech seeing as it was what the British government was waiting for to advance the peace process on their side. Adams addresses the loyalist response of a ceasefire. Though deeming it as forced and reluctant, he still sees it a step forward and a compromise. What does happen later on, not covered in this speech, is that the IRA announces that it will keeps its weapons unless the British government invites them into peace talks. The IRA would then say that they were ready to give up its arms later on in December, and that this was fundamental in Sinn Fein’s entry into peace talks. Another thing this speech misses is an accurate view of the British government at the time. Adams’s speech focuses on the future of peace talks and nationalist inclusion. The insight of the British government is very very limited in the address. It would mention the past actions, and indeed failures, of British intervention in North Ireland. He would also say so without giving reasons or details on why they have failed, merely mentioning that they did. This dismissal of detail would not necessarily be integral in the purpose of his address, but by omitting facts such as these, the speech’s integrity can be compromised and more vulnerable for criticism. Bibliography Adams, G. , 1994, ‘Address by Sinn Fein President Gerry Adams 24 October 1994’ Sinn Fein, Northern Ireland, http://www. sinnfein. ie/print/15200, viewed 25 March 2013 Joint Declaration 1993 (Downing St. Declaration) http://www. foreignaffairs. gov. ie/home/index. aspx? id=8734, last updated 28 Jan 2009 Reuter, 1994, ‘IRA vows to keeps its guns until Sunn Fein can join talks’, Toronto Star, London, viewed 27 March 2013, ProQuest DOI 437104235 Schiller B. , 1994, ‘IRA truce triggers joy, and caution U. K. asks: Can ceasefire hold and is it enough? , Toronto Star, London, viewed 27 March 2013, ProQuest DOI 437101608 ‘News Briefing Britain, Sinn Fein and landmark talks’, 1994, The Globe and Mail, London, viewed 26 March 2013, Proquest DOI 385090706 Watt, N. Webster, P. , 1994, ‘Adams Clarifies Ceasefire Term; Gerry Adams; IRA; Northern Ireland’, The Times, London, viewed 26 March 2013, ProQuest DOI 318187621 How to cite Text Analysis of Gerry Adam’s Speech After 1994 Ira Ceasefire, Papers

Personal and Professional Development Advancement Organisations

Question: Discribe about personal and professional development? Answer: Introduction In todays era of rapid technological advancement organisations are constantly looking for individuals with updated skills. In order to achieve the desired career goals it is important that we identify our own learning needs and take appropriate actions to fulfil those needs. Personal and Professional development is a continuous improvement process on the path to success. Self-managed learning is a continuous process wherein individuals identify their own learning needs with or without the help of others, define realistic learning goals, identify appropriate resources to meet those needs and continuously evaluate learning outcomes (Graves Norman, 2013). There are a number of approaches and theories that facilitate self-managed learning. Being a student at David Game College, Higher Education Centre I am focusing on self-managed learning in order to further enhance my personal skills and professional careers. It will not only help be in taking responsibility of my own personal and professional development but will also help me in achieving desired career growth. It will help me identify my strength and weakness which can be used to take advantage of opportunities present and minimise threats. Persona Skill Audit An audit of personal skills will help me in identifying my learning needs by minimising the gap between my existing knowledge/skills and desired knowledge/skills. I have identified my skills used five point rating scale to grade my skills. Poor, 2- Below Average, 3- Average, 4- Above Average, 5- Good Knowledge / Skills for Current Studies Rating Written and Verbal Communication Skills 4 Course Knowledge 3 Ability to Concentrate 3 Time Management 2 Technology 2 Knowledge/Skills for Current/Future Career Rating Time Management 2 Leadership and Motivation Skills 3 Problem Solving skills 2 Knowledge of business area 3 People Management 2 An audit of personal and professional skills reveals that I must work on improving time management skills, problem solving skills, technical knowledge, and knowledge of business area, leadership skills and people management skills. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a business management tool that will help me identify the internal and external factors that will influence my career development. It helps identifying my strengths and weakness that will help me in handling external opportunities and threats. SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Written and Verbal communication skills Positive attitude and open personality Enthusiastic and Friendly nature Quick learner Good concentration ability Team Player Computer efficient Poor Time management Not much familiar with new technologies Poor in handling problems Average leadership qualities Average presentation skills Opportunities Threats Job opportunities growing in the market Short-term and long-term courses available both on-line and off-line Availability of learning material on internet. Organisations prefer candidates with upgraded skills. Demand for candidates with leadership and decision making skills rising Knowledge in multiple fields is desired The SWOT analysis will help me in creating a reflective learning log and a detailed personal development plan. Reflective Learning Log The Honey and Mumford Learning style model identifies four learning styles namely; Activist, reflector, theorist and pragmatist (Aspin, 2008).I am greatly interested in learning new things and undertake new experiments with a positive attitude thus Activist learning style defines me. According to Kolbs learning styles I am accommodators who prefer active experimentation and concrete experience (Evans, 2008). Based on my learning style identification experimental learning theory and social learning theory will work best for me (Friedman, 2013). Accountability and goal setting are the two ways by which lifelong learning can be enhance in an individual (Jarvis, 2010). An individual is encouraged to undertake lifelong learning when he knows he is responsible for his own development and in order to that he must define realistic goals. Self-managed learning not only benefits individuals in achieving desired career growths but it also helps organisations in achieving desired organisational goals (LeFever, 2011). Talented employees are the primary assets of an organisation. It helps enhancing accountability, self-confidence and satisfaction among individuals. Such employees are more learning oriented thus support an organisation on its path of innovation and growth. Personal Development Plan Short and Long-term Objectives Short-Term Objectives Long-Term Objectives Improve time management skills Improve presentation skills Upgrade technological knowledge Gain more knowledge in my area of specialisation Acquire leadership and motivation skills Acquire people management skills Acquire problem solving skills Acquire knowledge of multiple fields Personal Development Plan Objectives Priority Activities Resources Target deadline Evidence of Achievement Upgrading technical Skills High Part-time technical course from reputed institute Time and Money August-2015 Course completion certificate Time Management Skills High Two days session on time management Time and Money April-2015 Course completion certificate Problem Solving Skills High Two-three days session on problem solving skills Time and Money May-15 Course completion certificate Leadership and Motivation Skills High Part-time course on leadership skills Time and Money October-2015 Course completion certificate Presentation Skills High One-day session on presentation skills Time and Money April-2015 Course completion certificate I will seek for feedback from my supervisors and sub-ordinates and will continuous evaluate my action in order to plan further improvements (Fox, 2007).Activities Undertaken Objectives Activities Undertaken Upgrading technical Skills Enrolled for a part time technical course from a reputed institute Time Management Skills Enrolled for a time management session to be conducted in first week of April Problem Solving Skills Enrolled for a problem solving skill development session to be conducted in second week of August Leadership and Motivation Skills Enrolled for a part time course in Leadership skills development Presentation Skills Enrolled for a The selection and enrolment to various training session and part time course helped me gain knowledge of various resources that can help me meet my learning needs. I have joined related online forums and discussion groups that will further help me enhance my knowledge. With a self reflection of actions undertaken and feedback received form supervisors and subordinated I am able to develop a revised personal development plan that will ensure continuous improvement(Hellriegel John W. Slocum, 2011). Revived Personal Development Plan Objectives Priority Activities Resources Target deadline Evidence of Achievement Upgrading technical Skills High To Gather as much knowledge as possible from the course and additional online materials Time and Money August-2015 Course completion certificate Time Management Skills High Attending the session and practicing informed strategies Time and Money April-2015 Course completion certificate Problem Solving Skills High Attending the session and practicing informed strategies Time and Money May-15 Course completion certificate Leadership and Motivation Skills High To Gather as much knowledge as possible from the course and additional online materials Time and Money October-2015 Course completion certificate Presentation Skills High Attending the session and practicing informed strategies Time and Money April-2015 Course completion certificate References Aspin, D. N., (2008) Philosophical Perspectives on Lifelong Learning. Hamburg: Springer Science Business Media. Evans, C., (2008) Learning styles in education and training. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. Fox, W., (2007) Managing Organisational Behaviour. Cape Town: Juta and Company Ltd. Friedman, A. L., (2013) Continuing Professional Development: Lifelong Learning of Millions. New Jersey: Routledge. Graves Norman, (2013) Learner Managed Learning: Practice, Theory and Policy. New Jersey: Routledge. Hellriegel, D. John W. Slocum, J., (2011) Organisational Behaviour. New York: Cengage Learning. Jarvis, P., (2010) Adult Education and Lifelong Learning: Theory and Practice. New Jersey: Routledge. LeFever, M., (2011) Learning Styles. London: David C Cook.

The Abortion Debate

Introduction â€Å"An estimated 43% of all women will have at least one abortion by the time they are 45 years old† (Farrell 1). This statistic was reported by a sociology researcher named Farrell in a global report on abortion. To show how widespread abortion is practiced globally, it is reported that there are about 42 million abortions done in each year and more than 115,000 abortions done every day.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Abortion Debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Almost half of these abortions are illegal (Farrell 1). Certain researchers note that, abortion is practically the most common surgical procedure in the world today because regardless of the laws or moral issues surrounding the issue, abortion is a very common practice for women worldwide. Abortion is reported in all social classes, genders, religions, races (and other forms of social strata). In fact, history shows th at abortion is a practice that started long time ago. Almost all societies practiced abortion, including ancient societies such as Egypt, Greece, Rome and other medieval societies (McFarlane 803). Some researchers such as Ginsburg (1) explain that, abortion is nothing short of human behavior. However, because of the ethical and moral issues surrounding the practice, it is estimated that two out of three abortions done in the world are illegal. The illegality of abortion is further marred by the fact that most illegal abortions are done by untrained providers and in non-clinical environments. Illegal abortions are reported to claim about 78,000 women annually (Farrell 1). The statistics are even higher for women who have become infertile or injured as a result of unsafe abortions since it is reported that, for every abortion-related death, there are several infertile and injured women. The number of unwanted children born from unwanted pregnancies is even higher. This phenomenon lead s to child neglect and increased poverty and child abuse levels. The number of women who procure abortions sometimes recur because current statistics show that about 35 of every group of 1000 women procure abortion annually (McFarlane 803). Statistics also show that, there is no significant difference in the number of abortions done in developed and developing nations, but the illegality (or legality) of the practice has an important role to play in ensuring the safety of the procedure. In countries where abortion is illegal, it is often very unsafe to do an abortion. Accessibility is also an important issue in the abortion debate because a third of women seeking abortion services are said to lack access to legal abortions (McFarlane 803). The rate of deaths for this group of women is estimates at 330 deaths per every group of 1000 women who lack access to safe abortion (Farrell 3). In countries where abortion is legal, there are very few incidents of death. For instance, America re ports only 1% of abortion-related complications and deaths because abortion is legal.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The impact of abortion in the society is adverse. For instance, there are some women who are either too embarrassed or afraid to seek hospital services (after procuring abortion and suffering complications). However, it is estimated that when this group of women seek hospital services, they are likely to take up two-thirds of all maternity beds (Farrell 5). The significance of this fact is to show the extent that abortion-related complications can compromise maternity and emergency services. The legality (or illegality) of abortion is deemed to the main make-or-break factor for safe or unsafe abortions because illegal abortions amount to unsafe abortions. However, even in places where abortion is legal, women may still be unable to procure safe abortion (and resort to unsafe abortions). The sheer number of abortion-related practices in the world has led to intense debates regarding the moral and legal issues surrounding abortion. However, somebody may ask how the world came to this situation because throughout history, abortion has been perfectly legal. The 19th century marked a change in ideology because it is during this time that most countries declared abortion illegal. On each side of the debate, there is a pro-choice and pro-life movement. The pro-choice group suggests that, women should be allowed to choose if they should have an abortion (or not) while the pro-life group suggests that, abortions should be illegal because they infringe on the right to human life (Farrell 1). The pro-life group is synonymous to anti-abortion stances but the pro-choice group is synonymous to pro-abortion stances. Due to the raging debate regarding abortion, different people, institutions and even countries have adopted different views about aborti on. For instance, most religious groups do not support the arguments for abortion because they believe it contravenes the right to life. Moreover, religious groups observe that, legalizing abortion is likely to promote immorality. In their view, legalizing abortion is unethical. Some countries share this view and have prohibited all forms of abortion. Such countries include â€Å"Chile, El Salvador, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, Malta, Uruguay, Vatican City† (Farrell 13). In America, abortion has ordinarily been deemed legal (after 1973) when it was established that, many abortion-related complications were reported in state hospitals. Though the legalization of abortion has significantly led to increased abortion-related complications, the right of women to choose abortion (or not) has been greatly hampered by pro-life crusaders.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Abortion Debate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lifting of restrictions on abortion was only realized after the Second World War when certain communist states like Russia made abortion legal. Most western countries liberalized their laws to allow the same. The trend is quickly spreading to most developing states around the world (Farrell 18). This paper is a critical analysis of the abortion debate. Comprehensively, the paper includes the literature review section, critical analysis section and the conclusion section. The literature review section reports on the arguments surrounding the abortion debate but the critical analysis section gives a personal account of why abortion should be legalized. A conclusion summarizing the findings of the study finalizes the debate. Literature Review The abortion debate has torn legislators and societies right in the middle. Its arguments can be perceived from political, medical, ethical and moral points of views (McCoyd 133). Pro-life crusaders argue that, since aborti ons are undertaken after life is formed, terminating pregnancies is nothing short of committing murder. From this understanding, pro-life crusaders perceive abortion to be contrary to the doctrines of â€Å"sanctity of life† because it does not respect human life. This argument has been supported by the perception that civilized societies should not allow one person to take the life of another. Reference is made to court or judicial systems that punish murder when one person kills another. Abortion is therefore perceived to be no different from conventional murders and it should be punished in law. Since pro-life crusaders have encountered opposition from pro-choice crusaders (regarding what they propose should be done to unwanted children), pro-life crusaders argue that adoption should be used as the main alternative to abortion (McCoyd 133). The argument behind this assertion is the perception that adoption and abortion achieve the same results. The concept of an unwanted c hild is therefore not tolerated by pro-life crusaders because they give an example of more than 1.5 million American families that need to adopt a child (McCoyd 133). The numerous death, injury and infertility statistics associated with abortion is also another argument that has been used by pro-life crusaders to campaign against abortion because they suggest that death or injury statistics (related to abortion) can be easily eliminated if adoption is not condoned.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In cases where rape or incest has occurred, pro-life crusaders note that performing abortion equals to punishing the innocent child for the crime. Instead, they suggest that, perpetrators of the crime should be punished (and not the children). Where conception has not occurred, pro-life crusaders advocate for the use of medical techniques to avoid pregnancy. Pro-life crusaders also warn against using abortion as a form of contraception because it is not similar to other types of contraceptives (McCoyd 133). They distinguish abortion from other types of contraceptives because abortion occurs when life is already formed while other types of contraceptives are taken when life is not formed. To counter the claims of pro-choice crusaders who suggest that, women should be given the choice to decide if they want to be pregnant or not; pro-life crusaders suggest that contraceptive use should be used always, and if it is not possible to use contraceptives, abstinence should be practiced (McC oyd 134). There is also a â€Å"tax† clause associated with the abortion debate whereby, if abortion is legalized, tax payers would be required to fund the procedure. People who are against abortion cite the hesitance by tax payers to fund abortion. This argument has especially been used to voice negative tax payer’s sentiments about abortion in the US. The large population of young women who procure abortion has also been cited by anti-abortion crusaders as a weakness of the abortion debate because this group of young women is not in a position to make mature decisions about abortion. Many citations have been made regarding the regrets of many young women who procured abortion at a young age. These regrets have mainly been attributed to the psychological pain associated with abortion. Advocates for abortion however have different views about the practice. Regarding the argument that abortion amounts to murder (because a human being is killed), abortion crusaders note that, most abortions occur during the first trimester of conception (McCoyd 134). Within this trimester, the fetus is normally perceived to be dependent on the mother and therefore, it cannot be regarded as having a life of its own. Abortion crusaders also draw a strong distinction between personhood and human life. In this argument, pro-abortion crusaders note that, abortion cannot be deemed to be murder because if there is life in the human â€Å"seed†, then those that get thrown away are also murdered. The argument that adoption is a good alternative to abortion is also contested by pro-abortion crusaders because they observe that the decision to adopt (or not) is still made by the mother. In this regard, they note that, adoption is not different from abortion because they are both choices made by a woman regarding if to keep a child (or not). Current statistics support the argument by pro-choice crusaders because it is reported that, very few women choose to give up their babies for adoption after birth (McCoyd 133). Among white mothers, it is estimated that, less than 3% would give up their babies for adoption and among black mothers, it is estimated that, less than 2% would give up their babies for adoption (these statistics apply to unmarried women) (Graves 31). Another argument made by pro-abortion activists is that, abortion is a perfectly safe procedure and it has less than 0.5% risk of complication (Graves 31). Moreover, as mentioned in earlier sections of this paper, it is documented that majority of abortions (more than 88%) are done within the first trimester. This period reduces the risk of suffering severe medical complications. The low risk of medical complication undermines the argument that abortion increases infertility and long-term medical-related fertility problems. Since abortion has been voiced as a viable procedure for getting rid of unwanted babies (born from rape and incest), pro-choice activists say that, forcing such victim s to have babies is likely to cause more psychological harm (Graves 31). Instances are given where victims are too traumatized to report rape or incest, thereby minimizing the possibility of preventing pregnancies. For instance, after-pills are noted to be ineffective in situations where victims are too traumatized to think of contraceptives. Sometimes, it is observed that, victims are not even aware that they are pregnant and therefore, they cannot prevent pregnancies. Such situations call for abortion. The argument that abortion is widely misused as a form of contraception has been disputed by some pro-choice experts because they note that, even with responsible contraceptive use, a woman can still be pregnant. Statistics show that only 8% of women who procure abortions are not subscribed to any contraceptive measure (Graves 31). The above percentage shows that, most women who seek abortion are under some form of contraception. The argument that, women abuse abortion as some form of contraceptive is therefore widely disputed by pro-choice activities. Pro-choice activists have even associated the abortion debate to the civil rights debate. They argue that, the decision to deny women the right to abort (or not) is a contravention of civil rights. Denying women the right to choose if to have children or not is therefore a contravention of their right to reproductive health. Equally, this situation could be equated to dictating if women should have the right to have children or not. For instance, if the government is allowed to force women to have children, this situation is not different from a situation where the government forces women to take contraceptives or sterilize themselves. Since most women who procure abortions are young, pro-choice activists note that forcing teenagers to have babies once they are pregnant is likely to cause a future social catastrophe. Evidence is given of the high school drop-out rates, inadequate prenatal care, overreliance on p ublic assistance to raise children and the increase in health problems and divorce rates (among teenage mums) as just a few reasons for the legalization of abortion (Graves 32). The taxpayer question advanced by pro-life crusaders is also heavily contested by pro-choice activists who equate funding abortion to funding a war. Their argument is centered on the fact that, legalizing abortion would do nothing more than offer poor women the same level of medical choices as rich women. Alternatively, they suggest that, the voting booth would be the right place to voice personal concerns. Moreover, the psychological toll associated with abortion is also equated to any other form of stress that plagues people every day. The American Psychological Association also cites studies showing that there is no concrete evidence of post-abortion syndrome in women who have had abortions (Graves 35). From this understanding, pro-abortion activists do not see any strong reason why abortion should not be legalized. Critical Analysis Though abortion is a multifaceted concept, the main argument behind abortion is if women should be given the right to have children or not. The freedom to make choice is normally guaranteed by the law but abortion is a unique issue because some people perceive it to be an infringement of the right to life as well. However, the main issue that people should be thinking about revolves around the â€Å"big picture† behind abortion. Say, abortion was made illegal and women were forced to keep their children if they got pregnant. Such a situation would obviously lead to an increase in the number of unwanted children and a resultant decrease in the standards of living (especially in developing countries). This assertion is true because it would be difficult to take care of unplanned babies. There is already a raging debate discussing the increase in world population viz-a-viz the planet’s capacity to sustain human life. The world is finite and t he human population should also be perceived to be finite (and not infinite like pro-life advocates would argue). The abortion debate should therefore be analyzed from its potential to cause a social, economic and political disaster if populations are not checked. In today’s world of high inflation, and tough economic times, it is not advisable to force women to have children (just) because they are pregnant. Abortion would give women and families the right to choose if they should have children or not. In this manner, they will be able to evaluate their circumstances and determine if they should support another life (or not). Since abortion is a controversial issue and is subject to culture, its dynamics should be considered. Having a â€Å"blanket† policy of illegality regarding abortion is not sensitive to human dynamics like culture, socio-economic status, educational levels and the likes. However, giving people the right to make a choice is a sensitive way to acco mmodate varying points of views. For instance, there would be no harm for people (or cultures) who view abortion as a contravention of the right to life because they will have the freedom to keep their children. However, people who want to be given the right to choose if to have a baby or not would lose their right to do so if abortion was deemed illegal. Legalizing abortion is therefore a social and economic freedom that works for all. It is a fair justice system that respects the rights and views of all. Conclusion After weighing the arguments for and against abortion, this paper notes that it is advisable for societies to respect the right of choice because it accommodates varying points of view (which is the hallmark of democracy). People should therefore be given the right to choose if they want to have babies (or not) because they should be in a position to determine their destinies. The government should not be the one to make such a decision. In this regard, abortion should be legalized. Works Cited Farrell, Courtney. The Abortion Debate. New York: ABDO, 2008. Print. Ginsburg, Faye. Contested Lives: The Abortion Debate In An American Community. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998. Print. Graves, Earl. â€Å"More Fuel for Abortion Fire.† Black Enterprise 3 October. 1990: 31-40. Print. McCoyd, Judith. â€Å"Women in No Man’s Land: The Abortion Debate in the USA and Women Terminating Desired Pregnancies Due to Foetal Anomaly.† The British Journal of Social Work 40.1 (2008): 133-153. Print. McFarlane, Deborah. â€Å"The Abortion Debate in the World Arena.† Journal of Health  Politics, Policy and Law 26.4 (2001): 803-806. Print. This term paper on The Abortion Debate was written and submitted by user Jonathon Juarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Decision Making Model

Making decisions is a major portion of the manager's responsibilities. It is not an aspect that cannot be taken lightly nor can it be done in a hasty manner. Hasty, careless decisions can have devastating results on the manager's department or even for the entire company. Decisions that are made with deliberation using different kinds of processes, however, can lead the department or company to better and/or more profitable operations. When decisions are indeed made in this manner, the manager should feel confident that he or she has made an appropriate decision and is the best option given the information available at the time. This does not mean to say that the manager will always make the correct decision; lack of information or situational changes can lead to faulty analysis. However, if the manager uses critical thinking and proven successful decision-making strategies, he or she can and should be confident in whatever action they have decided is appropriate. Their own confidence level will, in fact, affect the outcome of their action. To make an effective and ethical decision, a manager could utilize a decision making model that consists of several, relatively simple steps. The first step in this model would be to gather all of the pertinent facts. By doing this, a manager will ensure that he or she has all of their bases covered. Secondly, a manager will need to create a list of all the stakeholders involved. They would need to ask these simple questions: Who is involved? How will it affect them? What could happen if chose an alternative? Then, utilizing the last question asked, imagine the alternatives that could be taken and then discard those that are clearly wrong. Through this technique, a manager will be able to, figuratively speaking, â€Å"weed† out the wrong from the right decisions. Lastly, picture each remaining alternative in terms of some relevant questions and then choose correctly. These questions includ... Free Essays on Decision Making Model Free Essays on Decision Making Model Making decisions is a major portion of the manager's responsibilities. It is not an aspect that cannot be taken lightly nor can it be done in a hasty manner. Hasty, careless decisions can have devastating results on the manager's department or even for the entire company. Decisions that are made with deliberation using different kinds of processes, however, can lead the department or company to better and/or more profitable operations. When decisions are indeed made in this manner, the manager should feel confident that he or she has made an appropriate decision and is the best option given the information available at the time. This does not mean to say that the manager will always make the correct decision; lack of information or situational changes can lead to faulty analysis. However, if the manager uses critical thinking and proven successful decision-making strategies, he or she can and should be confident in whatever action they have decided is appropriate. Their own confidence level will, in fact, affect the outcome of their action. To make an effective and ethical decision, a manager could utilize a decision making model that consists of several, relatively simple steps. The first step in this model would be to gather all of the pertinent facts. By doing this, a manager will ensure that he or she has all of their bases covered. Secondly, a manager will need to create a list of all the stakeholders involved. They would need to ask these simple questions: Who is involved? How will it affect them? What could happen if chose an alternative? Then, utilizing the last question asked, imagine the alternatives that could be taken and then discard those that are clearly wrong. Through this technique, a manager will be able to, figuratively speaking, â€Å"weed† out the wrong from the right decisions. Lastly, picture each remaining alternative in terms of some relevant questions and then choose correctly. These questions includ... Free Essays on Decision Making Model Decision Making Model Making a good decision requires time and effort. Everyone makes decisions everyday. Most of these decisions are made without a lot of time and effort. When confronted with ‘big’ or ‘important’ decisions most of us struggle with how to make the best decision. If we try to make decisions using logic, careful analysis and perform a thorough information search we should feel confident that we are going to make a good decision. When applying rationality to decision making we are forced to confront and clarify our priorities and values. Imagine someone walking into a neighborhood drugstore to purchase a bottle of Scope mouthwash. What made him/her purchase Scope rather than the Listerine that he or she has been using since the tender age of ten years old? The answer may lie in critical thinking. What is critical thinking? According to Bassham et al, â€Å"critical thinking is the general term given to a wide range of cognitive skills and intellectual dispositions needed to effectively identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments and truth claims, to discover and overcome personal prejudices and biases, to formulate and present convincing reasons in support of conclusions, and to make reasonable, intelligent decisions about what to believe and what to do† (Bassham et al, 2002). Does a person always use critical thinking? Not always, because we are so used to being in a decision routine. But we all may have used critical thinking at one time or another. Rational Decision Model What is a rational decision? â€Å"A rational decision is one which best achieves the multitude of objectives of the decision maker(s).† (Ernest H. Horman & Mary Ann Selly, 2001). When we want to make the ‘best’ decision we need to take our time, look at our options and really try to figure out what we want to accomplish. We have to think about the various scenarios that may result because of the decision we make. One model that...

P and Q Inventory Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

P and Q Inventory Management Systems - Essay Example The model also plays an important role in order to monitor the current ‘in-stock’ items and reduce the risk of ‘stock-out’ of the items (The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011). The P system of inventory management possesses various similarities as well as dissimilarities to the Q system inventory model. The model is used to record the time in which the product or the item should be in stock and are ready to be employed. In this context, the monitoring and ordering processes are performed when the level of the items reduces to the minimum quantity. The items are ordered at certain intervals of time, for instance, in very specific day of a month or week. This process is often convenient while ordering a group of products at the same time (The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011). According to the Q-system of inventory control, the order quantity of the items is fixed and the interval period of ordering depends on the level of reordering of the items. However, the reordering in the P-system is fixed and the quantity of ordering items varies in different review cycles. Continuous monitoring is speculated to be highly required in the Q-system of inventory control. On the other hand, the P-system of inventory control attempts to purchase inventory at a specified gap taking greater time for reviewing and recording the stocks in comparison to the Q system (Gopalakrishnan, 2004). Hence, the fundamental difference between the Q system and the P system can be identified as the treatment of highly demanded commodities (in case of Q system) and other goods (in case of P system). It has often been noted that inventory management not only reflects the efficiency of an organization in waste management or resource allocations but also exhibits its flexibility in dealing with alterations related to customer purchase behavior. As the process tends to operate to the coordination of