Educational Philosophies Essay

Education is derived from the Latin word’ Educare’ which means ‘to bring up’ and Latin word ‘Educere’ which means ‘to bring forth’. It was Latin author ‘Varro’ who said ‘Educit Oberix, Educat, Nutrix institut Padagogogus, Docet, Magister’ which means ‘the mid- wife brings forth, and nurse bring up, the tutor trains and the master teaches. Accordingly, Education does not merely mean the acquisition of knowledge or experience but it means the development of habits, attitudes and skills which help a man to lead a full and worthwhile life. Since theorists retrieves it from word ‘Educate’. They say ‘e’ means ‘out of’ and ‘duco’ means ‘to lead’. To educate means ‘to lead forth’ or to extract out of the best in man. Education is an attempt to develop the man. William James has remarked â€Å"Education as an attempt on the part of adult members of the human society to shape the development of the coming generation in accordance with his own ideals of life. (Encyclopedia Britannica Vol. -viii, p. 951) Education is recognized as the mirror of society and educational institutions as society in miniature. Education is a significant and most potent activity to bring about desired changes in the society. Every country develops its own system of education for the promotion and expression of the socio cultural identity and to meet the challenges of time. Education is considered as necessary equipment for the social and political development of the country. Education not only provides knowledge and skills but also inculcate values, training instincts, fostering right attitudes and habits. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. It is derived from two Greek words i. e. ‘phileo’ (love) and ‘Sophia’ (wisdom), which literally means â€Å"love of wisdom†. Philosophy is a search for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative rather than observational means. It signifies a natural and necessary urge in human beings to know themselves and the world in which they live and move and have their being. Education and philosophy are related like flower and fragrance, Skelton and flesh and blood, shadow and substance. Educational philosophy provides original ideas regarding all aspect of education and society. Education philosophy helps to preserve the cultural, social, national traditions of country through educational programs. It harmonizes the old and new aspects in education. Education philosophy guides the student through social, cultural and mental complexities, it establish a co-ordination between different branches of the subject of education. All Education activities aims, curriculum, discipline, techniques of instruction and organization helped by educational philosophy. Education develops a sense of discrimination between good and bad. This discrimination based on values, are tested in schools. Values of education are the same as of life. These educational values are individual as well as social. True value orientation cherished values into:- Satya Dharma Prem Shanti Ahimsa In Vedas, there are four personal values- Dharma Artha Kam Moksha Besides these there are three impersonal values are- Truth Goodness Beauty (Satyam)(Shivam) (Sundram) India has produced many great men and earnest seekers of Truth. They developed many noble educational ideas and contributed to educational ideas and practices. True education is the acquisition of knowledge followed by action. Tagore (1861-1941) , the writer of famous hymn ‘Jana Gana Mana ‘ which is our National Anthem ,is popularly known as Gurudev, the respected teacher. His various educational experiments – The Bholpur school, The Institute of Rural Construction, Shiksha Satra and Vishwa Bharti represent all crystallize his various aims and objects of education, on which the foundation of super structure has been built. He made unique contribution in the renaissance of modern India and achievements in field of literature, philosophy art and education. â€Å"The fundamental purpose of education is not merely to enrich ourselves through the fullness of knowledge, but also to establish the bond of love and friendship between man and man. R. N. Tagore Educational philosophy of Rabindra Nath Tagore Tagore realized that education system of India suffered from the loss of contact with the environment and education. He made unique contribution in the renaissance of modern India and achievements in the field of literature, philosophy, art and education. He tried to make educational experiments and innovations on the basis of intellectual, moral and s piritual values of ancient India and worked for an understanding between Eastern and western culture. Tagore was a poet and a Saint too; who had through his imagination and insight realized the universal soul in him and in nature. He believed that this realization was the goal of education. Because the universal soul is the root of our soul; man’s aim in life is to reach that universal soul of which all human beings are parts. Principle of self – education based on self- realization, and the process of self realization is as permanent as that of education. Education must make individuals to have faith in self and in the universal self, underlying his own individual soul is most important. Education in its aim must have, Integrated Development, Moral Development, Physical fitness, Harmony with environment, National and International understanding, Earning livelihood and multifaceted aims. He believed in dynamic and activity methods of teaching by emphasizing aesthetic subjects like dancing, music, art, dramatization an one hand and socially useful productive works like book binding, gardening and other crafts. He had liberal and progressive outlook and he strongly advocated woman education. In this way R. N. Tagore has contributed in education for human re-generation, to prevent defects. Mahatma Gandhi (1869 to1948) is considered as supreme practical philosopher who believed not in theorizing education but in putting into action. He was a revolutionary educational thinker of modern India. Like Socrates, Rousseau, Tolstoy, he made a remarkable contribution to education in India. Gandhi ji may be ranked as one of the most prominent educators of the world has ever known. He is regarded as a practical philosopher and experimenter on education to the core. Whole of his life was spent in experimentation with truth. His educational philosophy has been rightly considered as dynamic side of his philosophy of life. His contribution for ‘Nai- Talim’ is an instrument for realizing his ideals of life. The Wardha Scheme prepared under the direction of Mahatma Gandhi attempts to replace the traditional system by dynamic and human system which helps to bring into existence a new era of planning and co-operation of India. According to Gandhi ji, education is an activity, which is necessary not only for social progress, but also for the moral, political and economic development. Basic education considered as an effort to make knowledge easier. Educational Philosophies of Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi emphasized Aims and Ideals of education as drawing out the best in child and man, body, mind and spirit, Livelihood, character formation, cultural development, Self reliance, and complete living aim. He wanted to bring about a silent revolution, through a balanced curriculum. He introduced craft as an essential part of curriculum and methods like Learning by doing, Project method, Co-operation, Learning through craft. Gandhi ji stressed upon Satyagraha ,True national education, National Higher Education ,National institutions ,Salt Satyagraha ,The spinning wheel message, Self supporting education ,Nayee Tailem, Education through Crafts, Basic education ,Intellectual development ,Manual labour, Nursery education ,Primary education, Secondary education, Rural education, Woman Education, Co-Education, Education for different sections of the society, Education centers of learning. He was in favour of taking a lesson from the west and save souls by turning the face against consumer society with its ever-proliferating needs and vulgar competition. He said that in the true democracy of India, the unit is the village. His message was above all freedom of individual. Comparison of Educational philosophies of R. N. Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi Both R. N Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi regarded as master of the man kind and the great teachers of the human society. Their educational thoughts are relevant to the life, needs and aspirations of the ever growing Indian society. They believed in the total development of personality through education and holds that education does not mean literacy alone but the literacy of personality. Rabindra Nath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi all felt that a sound theory of education with spiritual basis could not raise the consciousness of the individual and enable them to see objects in the external world clearly. Lack of spiritual will plug the world into chaos and disorder. The fundamental difference in their attitude to life gets reflected in Educational Writings of Gandhi and Tagore. If Tagore’s artistic bent of mind prompted him to conceive the leisure time as core of meaningful life, Gandhi’s value of manual labour made him emphasize work as fruitful way of harnessing energies. Aims of education determined the prevailing philosophy and always change with the change in philosophy of life. The entire education process is meaningless without aims. Philosophy is the best guide for formulating aims. Tagore and Gandhi believed in the vocational efficiency as one of the aims of education. Gandhi emphasized the craft centered education. He felt that true education is calls for a proper exercise and training of the body organs and mental faculty. They also held that such training of mind and body will take the child a long way in awakening their soul. The Important aim of Gandhian education is spiritual development may be called the ultimate goal of education. Tagore was very much concerned with poor health of students in India. Therefore he gave a great importance to improvement of health. He holds that various powers of the child should be properly attained to bring about a harmonious development of personality. Tagore established ‘Shantiniketan’ with the motive of spiritual culture. Both laid great stress on moral and spiritual development for maintenance of personality and preparation for life and self realization. They believed that service to man is service to God. Like Idealists, they advocated the spiritual aim of education. According to Gandhi ji, the chief aim of education should be character formation, as it was the chief aim of education in Vedic and Brahamnic period. Tagore and Gandhi considered that culture is the development or improvement of mind. Curriculum is used as synonyms for courses of study. The curriculum should be reformulated in a way to realize the aims and values. Tagore and Gandhi believed that the subject provide there in must touch all aspects of the child’s life. Tagore did not make any rigid, hard and fast scheme of subjects for this purpose. Gandhi ji emphasized the traditional subjects like History, Geography, Science, and Literature along with new subjects like drawing, dramatics, excursion, music and dancing which was also supported by Tagore later on. Science was being taught in various classes at ‘Shantiniketan’ with well equipped library. Their curriculum was activity based and experience based. Both of them introduced many crafts in their educational institutions. Both advised religious education. Tagore like a staunch idealist says that a teacher can never truly teach unless he is still learning himself. Teacher should understand the relationship between their subjects and human life. Gandhi ji insist that teacher must possess the virtue that he wants to inculcate in the students. Tagore emphasized association of teacher with their student should be a fine training in the fundamental virtues. Both found that boys more imbibe from teachers. So the teach should try to establish heart to heart contact with students. Both of them criticized the bookish and examination oriented teaching and stressed various learning, constructive and creative activities. They introduced many crafts. No rigid methods were prevalent. Tagore insisted that during crafts teaching, stress should be laid on principal of cooperative activity, planning, accuracy and individual responsibility in learning. Gandhi ji also believed in dynamic and activity methods of teaching. Both of them consider educational institutions as an open house, in which students and teachers are at one. Tagore never liked to say ‘Don’t do this’. They boys were encouraged to manage their affairs in their own way. Gandhi ji believed that freedom comes from discipline. Discipline and freedom must co-relate. Freedom has become an important and integral part of subjects like drawing, dramatics, excursion, music, and dancing. But self imposed discipline should be there. Teacher should take a check of all activities of students. In their educational institutions mother tongue has been used ‘as a medium of instruction in their experimental schools. Mother tongue was an instrument for the expression. Both of them called for great courage, foresight and love for mother tongue. Tagore and Gandhi both strongly advocated woman education. Tagore had a liberal and progressive outlook towards women education. Gandhi ji wanted to provide such education to woman as coincided their particular attitude and life demands. He regarded woman as the noblest creation of God. Both of them tried for social reforms and built the image of woman in her perspective. They stressed woman education to teach the whole family and expressed their views that the greatest hope is in woman. Tagore and Gandhi were in favor of co-education. Tagore started school for boys, but in his ‘Vishwa Bharti’, all boys and girls in all standards studied in the same class. Gandhi ji advised that co-education should be adopted with open mind. Boys and girls should be educated in same class up to 14 years together for better understanding in life. They treated boys and girls on equal footing by giving them full freedom to select the subjects of their own choices in different classes. Tagore and Gandhi did not make any distinction in different sections of society on the basis of caste, creed, colour or sex in their schemes of education. Though Tagore stated school for boys but he was not against woman education. In their educational institutions, boys and girls could select same subjects of their own choice, which included learning by doing. Vishwa Bharti’ means world culture, where East and West culture would meet at one place. ‘Shantiniketan –The Abode of peace’ imparted education in the lap of natural surroundings. It became International University with freedom, love, peace and sympathy. In Gandhi’s Sabarmati ashram, education has been provided to all people, irrespective of caste, colour creed or sex. All these educational institutions established a relationship between East and West, to promote intercultural and inter-society amity and understanding and fulfill the highest mission of the present age-the unification of mankind. Both of them deserve credits for having retrieved the ancient Indian ideals and values of education in the modern times even under the foreign regime. They are known as apostle of international brotherhood, modern humanism and natural libertarianism. Tagore’s Vishwa-Bharti and Gandhi’s Sabarmati Ashram wanted to achieve National and international understanding by opening its doors for all persons of the world. In these institutions, cultures of different regions could be presented in such a way to be accessible to all nations, to find a practical interest in the cultural synthesis and to promote international understanding and co operation in world’s history. It may be true that those who have dealt with the subject so far emphasized more on similarities between the two than on their differences. Gandhi, however, was a quite radical in this respect. He was categorical in his opposition to English as medium or as a compulsory subject. Tagore wrote more than 100 pieces on education. Besides, there are other writings where reflections on education may also be found. His wrings may be classified into three groups. He was in favors of introducing mother tongue as a medium up to the highest level of Education. Both advised not to prescribe too many books for a child in schools. In his book â€Å"Shiksher Swangikaran’ Tagore said, â€Å"In Education mother tongue is like the breast milk. † Tagore advised to introduce English after a child became somewhat proficient in mother tongue. Tagore himself was introduced to English when he was 12 years old and had already made good progress in Bengali. Tagore wanted to learn from the west the knowledge of modern science and technology while enriching the west with spiritual wisdom and sacrificial attitude of the east. Gandhi perhaps was the only Indian leader who apprehended the eventuality of a course on which we would not have any control. Tagore also wanted the emancipation of villages and to rouse the villagers with ‘Atamsakti’. In fact, he gave much importance to constructive work and village welfare and emphasized self-confidence and self sufficiency. To my mind, cult of play and adventure was an important component of Tagore’s concept of education while Gandhi adheres to the cult of productive work. Tagore wanted to turn work into play with Gandhi found the spirit of work. Tagore, true to his temperament, extolled the culture of leisure while Gandhi, true to its nature upheld the culture of work.

Raising a Child Essay

Both Parents Should Assume Equal Responsibility in Raising a Child A child growing up with both parents and a child growing up in single parent house have significant differences. The well being and development of a child, both psychologically and physically, rely vastly on how well each parent performs their roles. Taking care of a child is not an easy task but it is crucial that both parents assume equal responsibility in raising a child since children gets behaviors, manners from their mother and responsibility and braveness from their father. In a typical house with both parents, father works for income of the family and mother take care of the child so both parents have plenty of time to perform their roles well. For example, a child’s father will work for income to provide the family’s needs whereas a child’s mother will take care of the child for well being. As the result, the child gets care, warmth and wisdom from both parents. These make the child to grow up without any insecurity. Also by having both parents, the child will get the knowledge that only a mother or a father can give. All these factors contribute in raising a strong, healthy and well balanced child. On the other hand, in a typical single parent house since there’s only a person, that person have to be both father and mother at the same time which means supplying the family with resources for surviving and take care of the child. By only having one person doing the job for both parents, always leads to unsuccessful upbringing of a child due to lack of time. For example, a parent who’s working hard to supply the needs for the family won’t have time to take care of the child. As a result, the child will either end up in a day care center, in a friend or relative house who doesn’t give the same amount and quality of warmth and care as a parent can give. Then the child will grow up with insecurity and with weak personality.

Change Detection Techniques of Remote Sensing Imageries

Change Detection Techniques of Remote Sensing Imageries 1.1 Introduction Over the past years, academics have suggested enormous numbers of change detection techniques of remote sensing imageries and classified them from a different point of views [ 28 ]. These techniques depend on the assumption of spatial independence among pixels. This assumption is valid only for low, medium and high-resolution images but insufficient for VHR images [ 1 ]. This chapter presents the concept, implementation, and assessment of seven change detection techniques using low, medium and high-resolution ORSI. The rest of this chapter is organized into eight sections. Section 3.2 presents a brief description of the study areas. Section 3.3 describes the dataset characteristics of the study areas (Sharm El-Sheikh city and Mahalla al-kubra city – Egypt). Section 3.4 presents the pre-processing performed on the image dataset before change detection process. Section 3.5 provides the accuracy assessment measures used for evaluation of the change detectio n process. Section 3.6 illustrates the concepts of the selected seven change detection techniques . These techniques are post-classification, direct multi-date classification (DMDC), image differencing (ID), image rationing (IR), image symmetric relative difference (ISRD), change vector analysis (CVA), and principal component differencing (PCD). Section 3.7 presents the experimental work. It explains the Implementation and accuracy assessment of applying the selected change detection techniques on an image dataset of Sharm El-Sheikh city- Egypt. Section 3.8 presents the application of â€Å"post-classification† change detection technique on an image dataset of El-Mahalla El-kubra City-Egypt to detect the urban expansion over the agricultural area through the period from 2010 to 2015. Finally, section 3.9 gives the chapter summary. 1.2 The study areas In this chapter, two study areas are selected for the application of the selected change detection techniques. The first area is a part of Sharm el-Sheikh city. It is located on the southern landfill of the Sinai Peninsula, in the South Sinai Governorate, Egypt, on the coastal bar along the Red Sea as shown in figure (3.1). Its population is approximately 73,000 as of 2015 [ 62 ]. Sharm El Sheikh is the administrative hub of Egypt’s South Sinai Governorate, which includes the smaller coastal towns of Dahab and Nuweiba as well as the mountainous interior, St. Catherine and Mount Sinai. Today the city is a holiday resort and significant center for tourism in Egypt. The selected area is about 12.5 Km 2 . The second study area is a village belongs to El Mahalla El Kubra city. El Mahalla El Kubra is a large industrial and agricultural city in Egypt, located in the middle of the Nile Delta on the western bank of the Damietta Branch tributary, as shown in figure (3.2). The city is known for its textile industry. It is the largest city of the Gharbia Governorate and the second largest in the Nile Delta [ 63 ]. The selected area is about 38 Km 2 . 1.3 Images datasets of the study areas In this chapter, two datasets are used. The first dataset consists of two images of Sham el-Sheikh city acquired by Landsat 7 at 2000 and 2010 respectively as shown in figure (3.3). Area of the image lies between Lat. 28 0 37.0091 N, Lon. 34 17 56.3381 E and Lat.   27 57 20.8804 N, Lon. 34 24 43.6080 E. Table (3.1) summarizes the characteristic of these images. Table (3.1 )   Characteristic of Sham el-Sheikh dataset No Spatial resolution Radiometric resolution Number of bands Acquisition date Size [pixels] Area [km 2 ] Width Height 1 30 m 8 bits 3 2000 382 364 12.5143 2 30 m 8 bits 3 2010 382 364 12.5143 (a) (b) Fig (3.3 ) Dataset of Sharm el-Sheikh city- Egypt acquired by Landsat 7 at (a) image acquired at 2000 and the (b) image acquired at 2010. Figure (3.4) illustrates the second dataset of a village belongs to EL Mahalla al-Kubra city in Egypt. It consists of two images acquired in 2010 and 2015. It is taken by El-Shayal Smart web online Software that could acquire Satellite images from Google Earth. The image area lies between Lat. 30 57 46.9032 N, Lon. 31 14 35.4776E and Lat. 30 54 47.00 N, Lon. 31 18 19.98. Table (3.2) summarizes the characteristic of this dataset. (a) (b) Fig ( 3.4 ) Dataset of EL mahalla al-kubra city- Egypt ( Google Earth) (a) image acquired at 2010 and (b) image acquired at 2015. Table (3.2 )   Characteristic of EL mahalla al-kubra dataset No Spatial resolution Radiometric resolution Number of bands Acquisition date Size [pixels] Area [km 2 ] Width Height 1 6 m 8 bits 3 2010 1056 1007 38.2821 2 6 m 8 bits 3 2015 1056 1007 38.2821 1.4 Image Pre-processing for Change Detection Before change detection process, it is usually necessary to carry out the radiometric correction and image registration for the dataset used [ 64 ].   In sections 3.4.1and 3.4.2, the concept of radiometric and image registration are described. The execution of preprocessing on the dataset used is given in section 3.7.2. 1.4.1 Radiometric correction Radiometric conditions are influenced by many factors such as different imaging seasons or dates, different solar altitudes, different view angles, different meteorologic conditions and different cover areas of cloud, rain or snow etc. It may affect the accuracy of most change detection techniques. Radiometric correction is performed to remove or reduce the inconsistency between the values surveyed by sensors and the spe ctral reflectivity and spectral radiation brightness of the objects, which encompasses absolute radiometric correction and relative radiometric correction [ 26 ]. Absolute radiometric correction It mainly rectifies the radiation distortion that is irrelevant to the radiation features of the object surface and is caused by the state of sensors, solar illumination, and dispersion and absorption of atmospheric etc. The typical methods mainly consist of adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with the transmission code of atmospheric radiation, adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with spectral curves in the lab, adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with dark object and transmission code of radiation, rectifying the scene by removing the dark objects and so on. Due to the fact that it is expensive and impractical to survey the atmospheric parameter and ground objects of the current data, and almost impossible to survey that of the histor ical data, it is difficult to implement absolute radiometric correction in most situations in reality. Relative radiometric correction In a relative radiometric correction, an image is regarded as a reference image. Then adjust the radiation features of another image to make it match with the former one. Main methods consist of correction by histogram regularization and correction with fixed object. This kind of correction can remove or reduce the effects of atmosphere, sensor, and other noises. In addition, it has a simple algorithm. So it has been widely used. The radiation algorithms that are most frequently used at present in the preprocessing of change detection mainly consists of image regression method, pseudo-invariant features,   dark set and bright set normalization, no-change set radiometric normalization, histogram matching, second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum and so on. It should be pointed that radiometric correction isn’t n ecessary for all change detection methods. Although some scholars hold that radiometric corrections are necessary for multi-sensor land cover change analysis Leonardo studies at 2006 have shown that if the obtained spectral signal comes from the images to be classified, it is unnecessary to conduct atmospheric correction before the change detection of post-classification comparison. For those change detection algorithms based on feature, object comparison, radiometric correction is often unnecessary [ 64 ]. 1.4.2 Image registration Precise registration to the multi-temporal imageries is essential for numerous change detection techniques. The importance of precise spatial registration of multi-temporal imagery is understandable because generally spurious results of change detection will be formed if there is misregistration. If great registration accuracy isn’t available, a great deal of false change area in the scene will be caused by image displacement. It is commonly approved that the geometrical registration accuracy of the sub-pixel level is recognized. It can be seen that the geometrical registration accuracy of the sub-pixel level is necessary to change detection. However, it is doubtful whether this result is suitable for all registration data sources and all detected objects and if suitable how much it is. Another problem is whether this result has no influence on all change detection techniques and applications and if there is any influence how much it is. These Problems are worth to be studied further. On the other hand, it is difficult to implement high accuracy registration between multi-temporal especially multi-sensor remote sensing images due to many factors, such as imaging models, imaging angles and conditions, curvature and rotation of the earth and so on. Especially in the mountainous region and urban area, general image registration methods are ineffective and orthorectification is needed. Although geometrical registration of h igh accuracy is necessary to techniques used for low, medium and high resolution (like image differencing techniques and post-classification), it is unnecessary for all change detection t. For the feature-based change detection methods like object-based change detection method, the so-called buffer detection procedure can be employed to associate the extracted objects or features and in this manner, the harsh prerequisite of perfect registration can be escaped [ 65 ]. However, these methods neglect the key problem of the distinction between radiometric and semantic changes. So, it does not address the problem of change detection from a general perspective. It just focuses on specific applications relevant to the end user [ 1 ]. 1.5 Accuracy Assessment used for Change Detection Process evaluation The accuracy of change detection depends on many factors, including precise geometric registration and calibration or normalization, availability and quality of ground reference data, t he complexity of landscape and environment, methods or algorithms used, the analyst’s skills and experience, and time and cost restrictions.   Authors in [ 66 ] summarized the main errors in change detection including errors in data (e.g. image resolution, accuracy of location and image quality), errors caused by pre-processing (the accuracy of geometric correction and radiometric correction), errors caused by change detection methods and processes (e.g. classification and data extraction error), errors in field survey (e.g. accuracy of ground reference) and errors caused by post-processing. Accuracy assessment techniques in change detection originate from those of remote sensing images classification. It is natural to extend the accuracy assessment techniques for processing single time image to that of bi-temporal or multi-temporal images. Among various assessment techniques, the most efficient and widely-used is the error matrix [ 26 ]. It describes the comparison or cr oss-tabulation of the classified land cover to the actual land cover revealed by the sample sites results in an error matrix as demonstrated in the table (3.3). It can be called a confusion matrix, contingency table [ 67 ], evaluation matrix [ 68 ] or misclassification matrix [ 69 ]. Different measures and statistics can be derived from the values in an error matrix. These measures are used to evaluate the change detection process. These measures are overall accuracy, procedures accuracy and user accuracy [ 70 ]. Overall accuracy of the change map It presents the ratio of the total number of correctly classified pixels to the total number of pixels in the matrix. This figure is normally expressed as a percentage. It can be expressed as follows: The overall accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.1) User’s accuracy (column accuracy) It is a measure of the reliability of change map generated fro m a CD process. It is a statistic that can tell the user of the map what percentage of a class corresponds to the ground-truthed class. It is calculated by dividing the number of correct pixels for a class by the total pixels assigned to that class. The user accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.2) Producer’s accuracy (raw accuracy) It is a measure of the accuracy of a particular classification scheme. It shows what percentage of a particular ground class was correctly classified. It is calculated by dividing the number of correct pixels for a class by the actual number of ground truth pixels for that class. The procedure accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.3) Table ( 3 . 3 ) Change error matrix or confusion matrix. Classified land cover Actual land cover Class1 = change Class2 = no change Class1 = change Correct False Class2 = no change False Correct 1.6 Concepts of the selected change detection techniques Seven LULC change detection techniques are selected to be implemented on our dataset. These techniques are post-classification, direct multi-date classification ( DMDC ), image differencing (ID), image rationing (IR), image symmetric relative difference (ISRD), change vector analysis (CVA), and principal component differencing (PCD). Image differencing Itis based on the subtraction of two spatially registered imageries, pixel by pixel, as follows: ID =X i (t 2 ) – X i (t 1 )  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.4) Where: X represents the multispectral images with I (number of bands) acquired at two different times t 1 and t 2 . The pixel s of changed area are predictable to be scattered in the two ends of the histogram of the resulting image (change map), and the no changed area is grouped around zero as shown in figure (3.5). This simple manner easily infers the resulting image; conversely, it is vital to properly describe the thresholds to perceive the change from non-change regions [ 71 ] . Image Rationing It is similar to image differencing method. The only difference between them is the replacement of the differencing images by rationed images [ 71 ].

Overall Reaction to Crash Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Overall Reaction to Crash - Movie Review Example From this discussion it is clear that  the movie shows how circumstances in life affect the thinking and actions of an individual. The reporter likes the fact that is depicted in the movie that more often it is the circumstances that makes an individual good or bad. Two characters that he likes the most and that prove the above statement are that of John and Tommy. John due to the various circumstances in his life has developed a negative and hatred attitude towards black people. It is depicted in the way he treats Camille and Shaniqua in two different circumstances.This study discusses that  the two moments that I feel the most significant are the moment between Camille and John inside the truck and the one where little Lara tries to protect her father (Daniel) from being shot by Farhad. The first one is significant because it shows how under an emergency people try to forget their differences and come together to fight for a common cause. Here, both John and Camille have differ ences with each other and in spite John risks his life to save Camille’s life. The emotional connect between the two and the way she looks at him while she is taken away is very significant. The transformation in John’s character can be seen in the scene. In the other moment, young Lara’s character shows love and selflessness. This act of Lara brings in a transformation in Frahad.  This one moment changes his attitude towards life.

Medium and Profession Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medium and Profession - Research Paper Example Their role is thus important during the development stage, just before the system is rolled out. They could therefore be found in the research and development departments of Internet provision firms. The choice of this career is informed by the critical role that network architects play in ensuring that the Internet system works as required. It is a career that combines knowledge in both software and hardware to ensure that the modeling, analysis and planning of the Internet system runs as required. Network architecture career requires a bachelor’s degree in information systems. However, as noted by BLS (130), most employers would prefer applicants with Master of Business Administration with a major in Information Systems. Therefore, an early concentration in information technology, computer science, mathematics and language arts would be beneficial to a prospective network architect. Several years of experience make one a better performer in this profession. Though not repres ented by unions, the California Employment Development Department, EDD (2) observes that network architects’ unionization would vary by industry. For example, those in telecommunications could be members of Communications Workers of America. Such unions do not provide internship or entry level mentorship. This profession is important in the Internet medium as it ensures that the medium runs and executes the input commands as required. Information Security Analyst The roles in this career include planning, developing, implementing, upgrading and monitoring of security measures so as to protect the Internet network systems from security risks (BLS 128). Therefore, this career cuts across the various stages of the process of production, but particularly plays a critical role during distribution, when the Internet system gets exposed to security risks. These professionals would thus be found in the security department. The Internet is a large source of information accessible to p eople from all corners of the world. Thus, the choice of this career was informed by the need to understand the profession that enforces the security of the information shared through the Internet. This career also requires a bachelor’s degree in computer science with a majority of employers preferring applicants who hold a Master of Business Administration degree having majored in Information Systems. Hence, Kim and Solomon (423) advise high school students interested in the career to take keen interest in information technology, computer science, mathematics and language arts. No union represents these professionals, though they could join unions depending on their industry, such as the Service Employees International Union for public sector employees, EDD (2). It does not represent internship interests or provide for entry level mentorship. This profession is important in the Internet media as it provides for the protection of an organization’s content in the Intern et from attack. Additionally, information security analysts teach users on network security precautions and respond to any security breaches appropriately. Telecommunications Specialist The Internet medium provides for various media of communication including audio and visual. A telecommunications specialist plays the role of designing, supervising the installation and providing the

Read the article first, then answer the question Essay

Read the article first, then answer the question - Essay Example The exercise facilitates people to overcome their problems and look at the brighter side of the things, resulting in higher productivity at workplace. Human behavior is intrinsically linked to socio-psychological wellbeing of individuals which is reflected in their interaction with other within the defined social fabric or environment. Thus, understanding of human traits and their behavioral pattern greatly equips organizational leadership to ensure improved performance outcome at the workplace. Levinson (2002) believes that psycho-analytical tools help to understand the hidden dynamics of human relationships, especially within work environment that is mainly described by organizational culture, social defenses, motivation, leadership imperatives etc. Effective communication would help to promote understanding of conflicting issues and situations so that they can be resolved easily. Hence, organizational leadership must constantly promote greater communication amongst the workers and create environment for building constructive relationship based on mutual respect and understanding of cross cultural values. Sharma, S and Chatterjee, D. ‘Cos Are Keenly Listening to ‘Happiness Coach’’. Economic Times, 16 July, 2010. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-07-16/news/27574395_1_happiness-management-guru-spiritual-teacher 27 Jan.

Interior and Spatial Design Contextual Studies Essay

Interior and Spatial Design Contextual Studies - Essay Example Generational change has also led to continuous shift in tastes. Spatial design comes in handy to sort these problems. For these reasons, this essay seeks to research and discuss the relationship between abstract painting and interior spatial design. Furthermore, the essay will include empirical studies of various artists and professionals in the field of fine arts and design. Through various reviews, I have learnt that painters and spatial designers are making immense contributions to the society. I have hence learnt that I will be in a position to create aesthetic appeal of homes. Through expertise in spatial art and interior design, I will be able to restore happiness and satisfaction to myself and the human race. Through appraisal of beauty, the field has enabled me to value specific objects in the society. I have also learnt the strategic use of interior design in drawing building plans taking into account interior spaces and probable rooming. In eventuality, they should award space appropriately to each section of a building. In my study of abstract paintings, I realized that they draw interests from everyone. On the contrary, I realized that a person who possesses a piece of an abstract painting could keep it for ages without having interpreted its meaning. Therefore, the value of such a work of art increases as time progresses in the sense that, it portrays not only its aesthetic value, but also the mysterious thought behind its conception. This misery behind the artistic works drew much interest from me, making me to relate commodities to their ideal values. Using an example of the value of money, I realized that everyone understands the importance of money and its value. However, people seem not to understand the real value of the money which is reflected by the purchasing potential as opposed to indicated numerical value indicated. In this respect, I have come to the conclusion that some abstract

Evaluative Rhtorical Mode Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluative Rhtorical Mode - Essay Example Even if a person who is not a fan of the sport can access the website and find helpful information if they just want to learn about the Championship, or if they are interested in becoming a fan themselves. This particular website excels in meeting its purpose. It is informative on the Championship, providing visitors with anything they could possibly want to know about the Ultimate Fighting Championship. While it is very fan-friendly, it is also appealing to people who are just curious about the Championship and are seeking basic information. The website contains a plethora of facts and details that cover every aspect of the sporting event. The strong amount of information provided on the webpage makes it simple for the website to reach its purpose. However, there is a slight problem in tracking down certain information due to how cluttered the website feels, especially to people who access the site for the first time. The aforementioned is one of two problems with the format of the webpage. The first issue, as previously noted, is that the homepage of the website is a cluttered mess of facts and information. While the sections are split up so that they do not mix with unrelated sections, there is simply too much information on the front page. Even with separately headed sections, there is a lot to take in, which can be confusing for people that are not used to the website. The homepage contains what equates to a summary of the entire website, and it is too much is a rather small space. While this layout can be good for gleaning a lot of information at a single time, it can appear to be a jumbled mess to someone who is not used to the page. The second problem with the website is a difficulty in navigating the page. Besides the main navigation bar at the top of the page, there are other links throughout the rest of the page. In most cases, clicking one link will take the visitor to another page with even more links, and a link from that page will just continue t he trek to another page full of other links. There is a search bar at the top that allows visitors to type in something specific, and most of the links are detailed enough for a visitor to know what they are looking for, but the navigation between additional links gets to be too confusing. The only changes that the website should see is in regard to the layout of the homepage and the navigation throughout the entire site. The homepage needs to contain less information so as to not overwhelm visitors, especially the ones that are new to the site or are only visiting to obtain a few quick facts. The homepage should only consist of some brief information about the Ultimate Fighting Championship, such as the history and what it is, and perhaps an events schedule. There should also be a section containing links to the other most important aspects of the page, such as those previously mentioned. If a person finds it hard to work their way around the homepage of a website, they may not fee l that it is worth it to explore the rest of the website. Similarly, the links need to be fixed up so that there are fewer of them. Each webpage in the site should be designated to a specific part of the Ultimate Fighting Championship so that visitors do not have to keep jumping from page to page looking for a specific piece of information.

The European sovereign debt crisis during 2010-2011 Essay

The European sovereign debt crisis during 2010-2011 - Essay Example Historically, when a sovereign nation’s governmental debt exceeds the annual GDP of the country, the risk increases proportionately that the country will default on all or a portion of the debt requirements, particularly in the circumstances where the debt instruments are held by foreigners or in another currency than the national coin. The ability of sovereign nations to generally print money without formal external control is well established and the example of Zimbabwe is an extreme example of this, but the United States has also reached a debt level that is over $15.5 trillion USD or near 100% of the annual GDP outlook, while the economy is also declining and recessionary,. The U.S. Federal Reserve may also print money to bailout banks in the U.S. and abroad, as it has done following the Lehman bankruptcy, but the Eurozone situation is more complex. Nations like Greece now have their debt valued in Euros rather than Drachma and the sovereign is no longer able to print mone y, deflate the currency, and cover government debts in the manner of the U.S. central bank. Instead, it appears as if Greece will either default or be bailed out by other Eurozone members, while Wall Street and stock markets around the world react daily to these events and news stories as they herald serious consequences for the international economy that is interconnected during the era of globalization. Political Dynamics of the Eurozone Economy The Eurozone is a political experiment that involves a common currency (the Euro) and a number of sovereign nations that retain their political autonomy in budgetary and domestic affairs while moving together towards ever greater unity in government on the supra-national level. This dichotomy has led to the nations of the Eurozone abandoning their national currencies, but still operating domestically with differing levels of economic production, taxation, social expenditures, and national debt levels. The U.K. and Switzerland remain outsid e of the Eurozone and under their own traditional currencies, the Pound and Swiss Franc. Germany, France, and other Northern European nations are generally seen as being economically stronger than the Southern European countries, with the acronym â€Å"PIGS† being used for the countries Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Spain with the worst economic outlook, budgetary problems, and largest national debt requirements in comparison to GDP. Ireland has been considered a part of this group by some (PIIGS), as the country experienced generally the same problems in an overheated banking, real estate, and finance sector which formed a bubble and popped, leaving the taxpayers and national government responsible for the bailout. Yet, while Ireland and Iceland have already crashed previously before the 2008-2009 meltdown in their national economies due to the problems in financial regulation and overextension of risk taking via leverage in investment banking, the

Motorola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motorola - Case Study Example Furthermore, the increasing demand of products and services it offered from the start proves to be a remarkable opportunity in its part. This means that if this has to be applied in the present context, since Motorola has long been established in its industry, the opportunity is that it has the chance to cater the increasing and ever changing market needs. Another opportunity for Motorola is the vast demand for products and services it is in tune with at present. The existence of LG, Apple Incorporated, Nokia and other related companies is a proof that the industry where Motorola belongs is competitive and is a good venue to conduct business that will last for long. Apple Incorporated is known for its highly innovative products. This means that there are more things to be discovered in the industry where Motorola is engaged at present time. This means an opportunity for Motorola to discover and rediscover things on its own and introduce them to the market. The above mentioned opportu nities are very important for Motorola. However, there are also corresponding threats that move against it. The first significant threat is a struggling economy. The 2008 economic downturn proved to be a remarkable threat in the case of Motorola. Economic condition is outside the bound of Motorola’s control and it definitely has significant impact on its part. Its financial stability has been quiet affected by this. This resulted to Motorola’s struggling mobile device business which further frustrates its stakeholders at the bottom line. Another significant threat is Motorola’s competitors. The varying strategic moves of Nokia, Samsung, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications, LG Electronics, Apple Incorporated and others have tremendously created varying competitive advantage in Motorola’s industry. Each competitor is trying to create their own competitive advantage because they want to be a cut above the rest of the key players in the industry (Porter, 1990 ; Porter, 1998). For instance, the reason why Nokia was not completely harmed by the 2008 economic downturn was due to its ability to effectively use its strategic acquisitions, partnerships and industry leading in research and development. Apple Incorporated on the other hand is aiming to be the top and leading company of products in their latest innovation. LG anticipates customer needs. Samsung is very aggressive in its expansion into developing markets while enhancing strong brand awareness for its high end products. However, it did not overlook the fact that it needs to significantly manage its mid-to-low range products to cater a wide range of customers. It is important to consider that the competitors of Motorola are significant threats because they know what they need to do in the market and they are certainly good at creating strategies that will push them up to their competitive advantage. B. Describe the company's most prominent strengths and weaknesses. Motorola’s strengths involve its ability to understand fully the entire industry and the changing needs of the market. This is due to the fact that it is the pioneering company in its industry. Thus, it has remarkable ideas that could be turned into profit. It has sufficiently created a name and has long been established compared to its competitors. In this, there is no way that it could not surpass the competition. Thus, what it needs to do now is observed what the competitors

Discuss the Satire of Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Discuss the Satire of Pride and Prejudice Essay The explanation of satire in the Oxford English dictionary is using humour or exaggeration to show what is bad about a person or thing In Pride and Prejudice this notion is almost played upon, with Jane Austen using satire throughout the novel in different ways. It is an entertaining way of subtly poking fun at a person, or group of people, which they are perhaps unaware of. Pride and Prejudice is a light-hearted novel, which although it picks out particular faults in society which existed then, and as Jane Austen sees them, it is a different type of satire to the type of satire that George Orwell uses in animal farm. Whilst Orwell is poking fun at a political system, Austen is poking fun at the social circles that surround her in everyday life. In my own personal view, both successfully ridicule the groups that they intend to. Both authors play on the faults, and enlarge and exaggerate them. Although Austen uses satire in her novel, it is concealed to all but the intelligent; who see the real purpose and not just the comical factor of it all. Austen uses it lightly, and subtly, it is not blatant. She uses it benignly, and never means to be harsh, and offensive. She shows what she has observed, and picks peoples traits; it is the people around her who are the inspiration for the characters in her novels. Using satire she showed the social snobbery between the classes. She showed how the wealthy upper class abused their rank and class and considered himself or herself higher than anyone else. They used people to gain social status in society, and for example, Mr. Collins used to name drop to gain respect from others, when frequently it would backfire on him, and the people would either end up laughing at him or disliking him entirely. Quite often when a person was being rude to them, they would not notice, as it was subtle, this is satire. It is a way of stirring, but it is only ever-affected people if they could interpret it properly. In the text itself, it is very effective. On the surface the novel seems like a complicated love-story, but underneath it shows the true traits of society in the time of Jane Austen. Austen uses characters from the novel to depict the different types of people that there were in those times. In the novel there are several characters that are continually made fun of satirically. The novel starts with a strong statement, It is truth universally known that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in need of a wife. This is as if it is set in stone, and believed by a lot of the characters, such as Mrs. Bennet, Lydia and Charlotte Lucas. By saying this, it is showing the woman to be shallow, and only really caring about the material things in life, such as how much money a man has. The more money he has, the more appealing he is to marry. Lady Catherine de Bourgh is another example of a character that has been satirised. She is a lady who comes from the Upper Crust of society, and has a very high opinion of her. She thinks herself to be highly intelligent and superior to everyone else. She overprotects her daughter, and has an immense amount of control over those who are of her acquaintance. Austen shows Lady Catherines true character using dialogue. For example, when Lady Catherine goes to visit Lizzie Bennet, and they have an argument, Lady Catherine defends her self by saying; Do you know who I am? You are shown whom she really is when she talks. Her opinion is strong, and she dislikes people talking back at her. In the novel, when Lizzie Bennet was dining with her, she would frequently ask a question, then answer it herself. Austen uses Lady Catherine as an example of a person who has a lot of money, and I high up in the social hierarchy, but lacks manners and tact, and is a general snob. A close acquaintance of Lady Catherine is Mr. Collins; who is a cousin of the Bennets. He is the chaplain at Rosings Park, for Lady Catherine. Mr. Collins almost worships Lady Catherine, as she has a lot of money, and he name is well known in society. He is incredibly materialistic, and puts money over personality. He tries to impress people by name dropping, often using Lady Catherine, in hope to gain popularity. He feels that it is important to do this, so that people will be impressed by him, as not only does he know Lady Catherine, he dines with her at least once a week. He is an example of someone who thinks that he has to be accepted in society and does this by varied means. He is a snob, and dislikes people that he feels are below him, although he himself is not highly popular. He has a fine image of himself in his head, and holds a good opinion of himself. You are shown that he is shallow when he asks Lizzie Bennet to marry him, as he claims that he is in love with her, and then when she refuses, he quickly got engaged to Charlotte Lucas, which just proves that he did not love Lizzie, and only asked her, as Lady Catherine said that he should have a wife. He is satirically made fun of most when he proposes to Lizzie Bennet. Austen makes the reader almost pity him, as he embarrasses himself to no end, without really knowing it, and making the reader laugh at him. You can compare Mr. Collins to Mr. Darcy. Mr Darcy is high up in the social hierarchy, as he takes after his fathers name who set such an example, and he sees no reason for him to name drop at all, especially as he is already at the height of society anyway. Mr. Darcy comes across as the type of person who is actually fine with those who are below him, and although he may be off with them, and have formed opinions of them, his mind is not closed, and so there is a chance for it to change. This is shown when he is kind and civil to the Bennets who were not of the same class as him. Mr. Darcy does not seem to enjoy the company of Mr. Collins as he is a sycophant, and tries to get to know Mr. Darcy by talking about Lady Catherine, Mr. Darcys aunt. He is an example of someone who is a gentleman, and does not abuse his social rank, although it may seems like that to many people who do not know him very well. Mr. Darcy was born into money, and so always knew what it was like, and so does not need to abuse it, when there are other people who were not born into money, and do. For example, they might have got their money from labouring, and then made it big, and disowned their former history, and then mocked the people who were labouring. The Bingley sisters are a perfect example of this. The Bingley sisters are examples of new money, people who were not born into money, but made their money themselves. Even though this is the case, they like to think that they were born into money, and pretend that they were always in polite society. They abuse their rank in society, and they mock the people who they feel are below them, they think that those who work for their money are of the lower class; this is ironic as they themselves made their money in such a way. The Bingley sisters are examples of people who have money, and really abuse it by thinking that they are very high up in life, and are rude to those who they think are below them. Mr. Bingley is a true gentlemen, who does not distinguish a person by how much money they have. He is an example to all those who thought that they were better than anyone else were. He treated everyone with respect. This is shown when he falls in love with Jane Bennet, who everyone else thought was far below him, and that Mr. Bingley was far superior to her. He showed everyone else that it did not matter where a person was on the rich list, but what sort of person they were, and that their personality mattered. William Lucas was a vain and boastful man, and boasts a lot about his knighthood, but he isnt really all that experienced, and it is all just a large faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade that he is hiding behind. He is an example of someone who is really proud, but does not really have a reason to be proud. All of the characters mentioned, and several others in the novel are metaphorically wearing a mask, and pretend to be something that they are not, just so that they can be excepted into polite society. They are all one person, as they are like sheep, and copy each other, so that they can also be excepted easier. For example, when no-one knew of the deeds Wickham had done, everyone liked him, as most people did, but when some people found out what he had done, even if they did not tell anyone, you could tell that everyone else was trying to copy them by not being civil to him. They just used to follow the crowd, and they would get so caught up in what they were trying to be, that they would forget who they really were, and what their real identity was. Austen depicts this using satire in her novel, and makes it known to the reader what it was like in those times. In some ways it also can be reflected on what it still is nowadays, except nowadays there is a sheet over it all, and so you cannot see it that much. All in all I think that the satire is very affective, and I think that Austen uses it to her advantages, and it reflects true fully what the real situation was in those times, and how it was hard to tell whom the real people were. I think that the satire that she uses is really clever, and it makes you think a lot. On the surface it is quite light hearted, but underneath the surface it is much deeper than humour, and it makes you understand that there was a lot of people who were so obsessed with being sociable, that in the end you had to laugh at them. It is hard to understand it fully nowadays, as times have changed, and people have different understandings. The satire could become diluted in such situations, but I think that in this case it does not, and it stays strong. I think this because it just makes the modern world which we live in seem so much more trivial, and it gives you an understanding of what it must have been like to live then. I feel that the satire used in Pride and Prejudice is altogether witty, and clever, never once failing to mean something.

Description of incident between Black BMW and white Lexus Essay Example for Free

Description of incident between Black BMW and white Lexus Essay Description of incident Introduction                   At 9 a.m. Sunday morning, I was on my way to meet a client for a 10:15 a.m. appointment. I was driving northbound on the number two lane of the Northbound I- 110 freeway, at a speed of 70 miles per hour. The freeway was smooth without traffic that morning. While I was driving, a 2005 Black BMW suddenly attempted to move from the number one lane into the number two lane. As a result, I lost control of the vehicle and collided with the 2005 Black BMW on its rear (Doctor Who Online YaWHO Group Yahoo! Groups. ). The impact caused the 2005 Black BMW to spin and hitting another car, a 2009 white Lexus, which received minor impact. We noticed that the passenger of the BMW was stuck in his vehicle, and his car was leaking fluids. Fortunately, we were able to get the passenger out with minor injuries.                   At 9:20 a.m., I called 911 and the Highway Patrol officer arrived 5 minutes later. He interviewed all the people who were involved in the accident and witnesses as well. After 10 minutes, the Fire Department came to clear out accident and clean the highway. Only minor injuries were reported; hence no one was taken to hospital. Follow up actions                   After the incident, I interacted with the people involved in the accident. I also took photographs of the damages to the car. At 9:30 a.m., I called my supervisor, Cesar Serrano, to take care of the insurance company. I called the client to inform him that I will not be able to meet with him because of the occurrence. Tomorrow, I plan to submit for check-up on any further injuries. References Doctor Who Online YaWHO Group Yahoo! Groups. n.d. Yahoo! Groups. https://groups.yahoo.com/group/drwho-online/messages/2?tidx=1. 5 March 2015. Source document

Product Costing Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses

Product Costing Methods: Strengths and Weaknesses Todays competitive environment requires manufacturers to know their costs for competing globally. A top notch costing system is one of the most powerful information tools a management can have; especially which provide a clear picture of the activities that are driving costs and the ways individual products and processes consumes resource. We can use costs in distinct ways. Product costing is used for strategic decision making. 1 PRODUCT COSTING Product costing system is a set of procedures that accounts for an organizations product costs and provides timely and accurate unit cost information for pricing, planning and control, inventory valuation and financial statement preparation. An organization should be concerned about product costing and their firms product costing system. Use of an appropriate product costing system helps allocation of indirect costs and helps to use resources in a productive way. It is used to determine the market profit margins and also focus on sales function, customers markets and setting prices. 1. A The most common systems of product costing are: Job order costing Job order costing allocates costs to products that are readily identified by individual units or batches of which requires varying degrees of attention and skill. It is extensively used in service industries, hospitals, law firms, movie studio, accounting firms, etc. It is more complex when companies sell many different products and services. Process costing Process costing allocates costs to products by averaging costs over large number of nearly identical products. Since every unit is essentially the same, each unit receives the same manufacturing input as every other unit. Refineries, paper mills and food processing companies use process costing. A complication arising in process costing is that manufacturing of not all units may be completed at the balance sheet date. 1. B Strengths of Product Costing Useful for making judgments about management related profitability and performance, which often leads to decisions about resource allocation, shifting money from unrewarding activities to profitable activities and improve products cost performance. Helps for valuation of inventories for financial reporting purposes. Stock can be valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value under the prudence principle and the problems of allocating overheads to products for financial reporting do not arise. Plays an important role in complex pricing decision process and cost control. Cost based pricing is particularly true for customized products which do not have readily available market price. Managers often use product cost for planning and controlling the costs. For this purpose managers mainly focus on the product cost, although the scope of the analysis can be extended to include product costs from other areas of the value chain. Helps the organizations to find out the cost associated to each product .That enables to selling profitable products. This will help to avoid the use of non profitable products, and maximize profits. It gives an understanding of each products contribution to the bottom line. 1. C Weaknesses of Product Costing There are few limitations faced by the organizations by using the product costing systems they are: This costing system was developed during a period when 80% cost were related to labour, so it focused on direct labour cost. It is related to the benefits of a change in process or method reduction in direct labour. Only limited service organizations used full product costs for pricing decisions. In service organizations inventory valuation is not a major issue because there is not much to store. Planning and controlling of service organizations done through responsibility centers linked to functional activities rather than product or services. It assumed that the factory is an isolated entity and provide no indication of the impact of change in the factory on the rest of the organization. 2 Conventional costing Conventional costing produces inventory values which consist of variable costs and such fixed costs which commensurate with the level of production at which the inventories are produced. Conventional cost can aid in controlling cost as efficiently as direct costing. When conventional cost is employed on the books, the variable and fixed costs must be assembled and arranged to fit the analysis made out side the records. A limitation for conventional system is that conventional costs develop under absorbed or over absorbed manufacturing expenses which are not understood by management. (Convertibility of Direct and Conventional Costing; Joseph A. Mauriello; National Association of Cost Accountants. NACA Bulletin (pre-1986); Mar 1954; 35.7) 3 Traditional Costing Traditional costing is among the oldest used methods of costing systems. In traditional costing, the manager or the management assigns direct labour, direct material and overheads to each unit of production. In this case, the overheads are not broken down by activity but based on certain volume related factors such as direct machine hours, direct labour hour etc. (At what overhead level does activity based costing pay off? Robert J Vokurka; Rhonda R Lummus Production and Inventory Management Journal; First Quarter 2001; 42, 1; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 40) 3. A Going against the odds Although the introduction of ABC was supposed to be the remedy for the short-comings of Traditional Costing, the Japanese managers still use traditional costing measures and are able to reduce costs and increase their market share. Traditional costing uses a very powerful set of tools and methods and may be much mightier than written deficient by the simplistic textbooks. (Why the Japanese can do without ABC Patel, Ashok, Russell, David. Certified Accountant. Cork: Nov 1994. pg. 64) 3. B Advantages of Traditional costing system Easy to understand and it is widely used In a firm with only one product line, the final cost will be the same as if ABC were used It is a convenient base for the assignment of manufacturing overheads (with direct labour as a significant portion of the product cost) Easy to depict a diagram representing the flow of product cost (ABC: Revisiting the Basics) 3. C Disadvantages of Traditional Costing In most of todays business scenario, the information that a management needs for decision making are not being satisfactorily provided The averaging of the overall costs to the entire product line may result in some products carrying a major proportion of the overheads than it actually should. This in turn will affect the decision making related the product such as marketing emphasis, pricing, cost control etc Since being a volume driven cost allocation, the entire process of costing is based on the manufacturing cost while the other factors of costs (performance driven) such as Research and Development, marketing etc are averaged across all the products. (ABC: Revisiting the Basics) 4 Activity Based Costing Activity-based costing was introduced about 15 years ago and implemented initially by large manufacturing companies since it is proven to show as more beneficial in larger firms that have a diverse mix of products or services. ABC is a system for assigning costs to products based on the activities they require. These activities are those regular actions performed inside a company. Eg: asking a customer invoice related questions. In this way an organization can establish the true cost of its individual products and services for the purposes of identifying and eliminating those which are unprofitable and lowering the prices of those which are overpriced. It is generally used as a tool for understanding product and customer cost and profitability. As such, ABC has predominantly been used to support strategic decisions such as pricing, outsourcing and identification and measurement of process improvement initiatives. Cost centre, cost allocation, fixed cost, variable cost, cost drivers are the methodologies used in activity based costing. 4. A Strengths It helps to identify costs of individual activities, based on their use of resources Identify most and least profitable customers, products and channels through its methodologies. It helps to control the cost at individual level as well as on departmental levels. The cost of all activities associated with a product or service can be accurately determined before it is launched, so it helps in pricing, future product planning etc. Expands the cost of producing and selling a product so that better decision making information is available. Uses the technologies available to track costs in todays manufacturing environment. 4. B Limitations Some overhead cost is difficult to assign to products and customers, such as the chief executives salary. ABC is time consuming, if all activities are to be costed. It may be difficult to set up and establish ABC if an organization is using more traditional accounting methodologies. ABC identifies product costing better in the long run, but may not be too helpful in day-to-day decision-making. 5 Conclusion Product costing suffers from some set backs but overall it is an effective tool that helps organization in predicting and minimising costs involved in manufacturing a product as well as in providing management with relevant information for strategic decision making process that have a long term impact on the profitability of the firm. And though many experts suggest the use of marginal costing in decision making the modern organization concentrate on product costs. Traditional costing systems fail to meet the managements decision making requirements in the modern organization. But the introduction of ABC had taken out this shortcoming to a minimum level and has made it much easier for the cost control and help managers take wise decisions based on their numbers. This is where product costing systems make an impact and prove to be useful and more importantly a necessity.

Research Paper-Biometrics -- essays papers

Research Paper-Biometrics â€Å"Biometric technologies are defined as "automated methods of identifying or authenticating the identity of a living person based on a physical or behavioral characteristic."(Source #1) Growing up I loved to watch McGyver. He use to run around and break in and out of military compounds that were equipped with all types of security systems. Somehow he would always find the laser beams, or trick the fingerprint security, or voice activation. During that time biometrics was just beginning to come to the surface. Nowadays systems enabled with fingerprinting security, voice activation, or face recognition have come a long way and are close to fool proof. Biometrics have come even as far to be used at the Super Bowl or other huge sporting events. Cameras have been designed to monitor crowds and be able to take faces and run them through national criminal databases to see if any matches occur. Biometrics is the security of today and tomorrow. In this paper I will explain different types of biometric security systems, mainly fingerprint activation, and give a thourugh explanation of when it was created, who created it, how the product has evolved and where the product is going. Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint based identification is the oldest and most familiar method. Fingerprints were first recognised as unique in 1684. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by this pattern of ridges and furrows. The fingerprint scanner captures an image of the fingerprint and uses complex algorithms to either convert the image into a unique "m... ...ve created is a voice activated deadbolt. Never worry about forgetting your keys or leaving them locked in your car. Simply state unlock door, the system searches its database for a match and your in. Voice Security systems have even created voice verification to access your vehicle. The most advanced creation in automobile security. No need for â€Å"the Club† or viper security systems on your vehicle. Simply install a voice verification system on your car and noone will be able to start your car unless their voice sample has been stored in the database. That diagram shows the simple structure of the deadbolt voice verification system. Overall, Biometrics have became security of the future. All three types of biometric technigques that I have explained in this paper each have their advantages and disadvantages over the others but all perform the same goal.

Jeff Bezos: The Founder of Amazon.com Essay -- essays research papers

Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon.com, was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1964. His mother, Jackie, was in her teens when he was born and she was only married to his biological father for about a year. She married Mike Bezos when Jeff was four years old. Mike was a Cuban who escaped to the United States when he was fifteen. He put himself through college in New Mexico and eventually became an engineer at Exxon. Jeff went to Princeton and studied electrical engineering and computer science. He graduated summa cum laude in 1986 with a GPA of 4.3 on a 4.0 scale. After he graduated from Princeton, Jeff joined a high-tech startup in New York called FITEL. After two years at FITEL, he joined Bankers Trust Company. At Bankers Trust, he setup computer systems that managed $250 billion in asse...

Natures Gems :: essays papers

Natures Gems Desperately gripping the bend with screeching tires I accelerated down the slope toward a secluded lake, my lake. Edging the car over to the side, I wandered down to the water dampening my hand, revelling in the cool fluidity of it, feeling the burden of my conscience being lightened. I sat by its side, tossing stones into it’s willowy depths, watching the ripples slowly radiate from the epicentre. Stripping to the waste I waded out into the lake, the water was cold and refreshing it’s ice tendrils turning my skin a healthy red. I could still feel my hand throbbing from where I’d hit Mary, over and over until she had collapsed in a heap and I had fled the scene. Seeking peace of mind I had fled to the only place I could think of, this lake, this picture of tranquillity, I confessed my sins to it, felt reborn by it’s unspoken forgiveness and relaxed in it’s frosty grip. There would be loose ends to tie up now, for my future happiness I must n ot let this go unfinished. A low rumbling echoed down the hillside road, a sleek car followed by a cloud of dust traced around the bends of the cliff. God damnit he’s going to frighten any game off for miles around with that ruckus, Ruin my entire days hunting will he, well I’m not going home without something to show for it. Hefting my rifle I stalked off through the brush northwards. Pushing some branches aside I was greeted by a sight that wholly unimpressed me, once you’ve seen one, you’ve seen em all†¦ Some may consider this lake to be picturesque, a gem of nature. Not to me. This scene was totally uninspiring, the clam, slowly undulating waters were indifferent to me and me to them. The mountainous surrounds only made me feel more inadequate â€Å"in the great song† making my â€Å"verse† more insignificant. In my eye nature mocked humans and their pitiful achievements, this it the reason I loved to hunt, to kill, to extinguish this subtle mockery wherever I could. I heard a faint rustle to my left, ramming the butt of the rifle into my shoulder I pivoted and pulled the trigger†¦ Mary was down for only a few minutes, but when the stars cleared Harry was gone, the welts on her face were quickly swelling up closing her left eye.

Quinte Magnetic resonance imaging Essay

Brenton-Cooper Medical Centre (BCMC) has outsourced its MRI operations to Quinte MRI, a seasoned and highly recognized MRI service provider. Unfortunately, after six weeks of operations Quinte MRI’s leased MRI machine is not meeting its expected outputs as projected and is causing concern to both Quinte MRI and BCMC which has begun to lose revenue via referrals away from its clinic. Further, BCMC’s reputation is now at risk which could result in additional loses to the centre. The root cause of the problem appears to lie with the scheduling of the scanning operations. Dr. Syed Haider, the owner of Quinte MRI, has tasked his business development coordinators with finding a solution to this problem and to report back within 2-days. Acting as David Wright and Kevin Saskiw, the business development coordinators, my solution to these issues are to regain control of the scheduling process as this is an integral part of the operations. Streamline the scheduling process to reduce variability and improve reliability. Introduce the use of technology to remove manual processes, improve process efficiencies, minimise errors and improve communication across the business lines of operation. I would also hire a new employee to support the scanning operations as there is no backup or adequately trained support for the only Technologist running the operations. Issues Identification Brenton-Cooper Medical Centre (BCMC) has outsourced its MRI operations to Quinte MRI, a seasoned and highly recognized MRI service provider. Unfortunately, after six weeks of operations Quinte MRI has not lived up to expectations and is not fulfilling its contractual obligations. Quinte MRI’s leased MRI machine is not meeting its expected outputs as projected and is causing concern to both Quinte MRI and BCMC which has begun to lose revenue via referrals away from its clinic. Further, BCMC’s reputation is now at risk which could result in additional loses to the centre. Quinte MRI is well aware of this as it stands to lose in both areas as well. If the firm cannot meets its contractual obligations and have its leased machine produce its expected output the loss of revenue would surely spell business failure and a subsequent loss of reputation. As well, the firm would probably be sued for breach of contract. On another level Quinte MRI has also identified potential issues with a stressed out, overworked employee whom is critical to the success of their business. Potentially, this employee could actually be one of the reasons of the problem that the firm is experiencing. He has identified issues surrounding the scheduling of patients for scanning and has indicated that the process needs to be fixed as it is not working. He further went on to indicate that the expectations from the radiologist for speedy delivery cannot be met due to the time it takes for him to process the patients’ MRI films. Environmental and Root Cause Analysis In my opinion there are several operational issues causing problems in the MRI scanning process. First, I believe that there is a problem with the scheduling of patients in that it lacks accuracy, consistency and clarity. Since this operation is being handled by BCMC, Quinte MRI is finding itself at a disadvantage in terms of being able to control this part of the operation. The operation appears to be purely manual, handled by several persons and is prone to input and interpretive errors. Since patients can be sent for scanning via two means (scheduled and same day(unscheduled)) some amount of variability will result. It is therefore imperative that the scheduling function be properly controlled and managed to reduce variability to minimum possible levels. Variability and uncertainty in the scheduling operation is negatively impacting capacity utilization resulting in an overall reduction of efficiency in the scanning process. Quinte MRI must balance the flow and increase capacity for greater efficiencies and to remain competitive. The bottleneck of the scanning process is the MRI machine and the time it takes to do each scan. Each scan may have different times associated with it depending on the type to be performed, limiting the capacity of the overall process. Each step in the scanning process is dependent upon the previous one therefore improvements need to start at the beginning. The objective here is to improve the process flow up to the point that the actual scan will take place. I also believe that patients are not being properly screened prior to arrival which is causing Quinte MRI losses in revenue and time. If a patient turns up and has to be turned away, or rescheduled for misdiagnosis there is a resulting disruption in the flow of patients which will impact the schedule and process and ultimately the pocket and reputation of the company. Further, it appears that the technologist is engaged in performing pre-screening services and this is a highly paid employee who should not be pre-screening patients. This tasked could best be left to a lower paid trained staff. From an operational perspective it appears that the initial implementation process of the new machine had a learning curve. This resulted in longer lead times for processing patients during the first few weeks until Jeff had found a rhythm. It appears that Jeff was either not properly trained or did not have sufficient experience in the use of that model machine. Communication, and barriers to, seems to be a fundamental problem in the whole scanning process. People and processes are not talking to each other in an efficient and effective manner. The patients are unsure of the process and what is expected of them resulting in missed dates, tardiness, improper attire, rescheduling, lost revenue, lack of confidence, etc. Responsibilities appear not to be clearly defined, or assigned, leading to inefficiencies in the process. As well, expectations of persons are not clearly defined and communicated ahead of time leading to missed schedules, frustrations and delays. Alternative and Options In my opinion Quinte MRI could request the transfer of the responsibilities of the scheduling process over to their firm. This could benefit the firm in that they would now have ultimate control of the scheduling process from start to finish. As it is the firm has to rely on BCMC to manage this function and this is causing many issues. I believe that an MR Technician could be hired to perform the scheduling tasks and also provide support to Jeff Sinclair. Quinte MRI is already paying for these services but not receiving value. Revenue loss from turn-aways alone (1.2 p/day) could adequately cover the costs of hiring someone to provide these services. Additional benefit would be backup support for Jeff during vacation or other away days. Training would be provided on the job to support Jeff and add additional new skills to the technician. Screening could be done well ahead of time before the patient arrives because someone with the knowledge and expertise is handling this. Quinte MRI could invest some capital in technology to support the scheduling and communication functions. The technology would be able to support scheduling combinations for more efficient processing of patients in the scanning process. Many persons (from BCMC and Quinte MRI) could have visibility into the system with relevant authority to administer or make changes. This technology would be able to eliminate some amount of confusion and errors based on interpretation as is currently happening. Savings from a smooth flowing process with no disruptions would easily cover upfront costs as well as any operating costs.

Managerial Level and Skill Essay

1. DESCRIBE THE managerial LEVEL & MANAGERIAL SKILL IN HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION MANAGMENT.Management is an graphics of acquiring things done through others. It is create efforts so as to achive the predeterminedgoal. It is continuous exploit made up of various functions ilk planning , governance , controlling , directing. A manager is person who is responsible for getting take a shit done through raft so he must support some acquisition managerial learningand directs managerial levels Managerial levels In trouble there r three vast levels they argon1. First line or junior counseling2. Middle concern3. Top managmentFirst line care This is demoralisemost level which directs non managerial employers in other word called supervisors Middle management This level is important and responsible level which direct activities of junior managers and employee. Top management Overall management of organization is flummox care by this level. They are referred as chairman, presid ent , vice president , chief executive officers , managing directors . Role of this peoples is to establish policies , strategies array activities and guide peoples.Managerial accomplishment acquirement can be depositd as an cogency to translate knowledge into actions. Henri fayol has define three managerial expertness seems to be necessary in managers.Three types of skills are needed by managers,1. Human tattle skills,2. Conceptual skills,3. Technical skills.Human skill Human relation skills are skills associated with a managers ability to work well with others, twain as a member of a group and as a leader who gets things done.Conceptual skill Conceptual skills are skills related to the ability to visualize the organization as a whole, discern relationships among organizational parts, and understand how the organization fits into the wider context of the industry, community and world.Technical skill Technical skills are skills that reflect both an understanding of and prof iciency in a specialized field. This is necessary for supervisors or lower level management.

Diversity and Globalization Essay

Women in motion globalization, state policies and push back migration in Asia is i of the major works by Nana Oishi. As a writer, Nana provides an analysis about labor migration in Asia with a close look at the patterns of effeminate migration from divers(a) countries. Certain provisions are made that governs both receiving and sending countries in matters of feminine migration. Nana is critical in various theories that are conventional in frugal theories of migration.A major area she is interested in is the driving factors reflecting in the source country. She is also in truth much concerned with structuralist theories relating to patterns of labor migration. Nana criticizes category strategies select by international migration as it has failed to consider household members as reliable souls in a office to make independent decisions. The number of female immigrants has increase in the past owing to factors such(prenominal) as poverty, looking for good jobs, globalization effect and family problems (Oishi, 28). female migration has a number of negative effects which intromit increased levels of sexual abuse, dislocation in family ties which has a social implication and increased vulnerabilities as a result of low incomes of the unskilled. The receiving country has the right to entertain individuals rights of female migration to avoid rapine of gracious fundamental rights. A number of policies lease to be considered but two major dandy policies are enforcement of dual citizenship laws and dissemination of information with a view of incorporating female migrants in programs and institutional structures. leading in the receiving country should establish laws that protect the rights of non-citizens such as female migrants. The existence of such migrants perhaps is an fit of blessing to the receiving country with and through various developments. Existence of dual-citizenship laws protects such individuals from discrimination, violence and othe rwise forms of human abuse. Once a female migrates to another country, she should achieve citizenship rights of that particular country. The migrant acquires equal rights like whatsoever other citizen and thus she is protected from vices such as slavery, sexual abuse or forced labor (Oishi, 60).The receiving countries are supposed to ob resolve friendly effective systems that promote female migrants dignity. Another major considerateness as a protective policy that should be adopted by the receiving country is provision of programs that absorbs female migrants in institutional structures. The concludes that results to female migration such as academic advancement, seeking for good jobs and poverty give the gate be resolved through such programs. It is of the essence(p) for the receiving country to correctly understand such reasons for blueprint of protecting their dignity.Considering the humanitarian chance of life, leaders in receiving countries should incorporate female migrants in programs that promote their rights. Enrolling female migrants into institutions allows them to acquire skills and hence be in a grade to seek employment. With skills the female migrants can choke their own needs without bothering other individuals which is a reason for discrimination. The educational programs also help female migrants to bop their rights and feel protected. The McDonaldization of sushiThe eating patterns of individuals in the entire military personnel give birth assortmentd and this is attributed to globalization in the aspect of culture. viands culture is one of the major debates in certain and developing nations which have significance influence on globalization. This is distinctly reflected in the argument by Sasha Isenberg in The Sushi Economy. It is an article that clearly reflects on globalized solid victuals culture and commerce. In many parts of the world, Macdonald foods have dominated the food sector.MacDonaldization which is a term derived from MacDonalds has influenced the eating habits of many individuals (Issenberg, 17). This thus is a clear reflection about the influence of globalization in various economic sectors. The spread of various MacDonald dissolute food restaurants in the world has an conflict in the track the global providence is being implemented. The global economy in this aspect relates to diversification of certain aspects of economic fields which promotes establishment of uncouth way of life.In Japan, there are many lush foods stop over that provides both civilians and visitors the capacity to gustatory modality their food culture. Development in various economic sectors and establishment of similar practices in the entire economy results to a common way of peoples life. Food culture is one of the most accepted rivals of globalization which is promoted by modernization. The global economy which is influenced by interaction of people from various regions of the world is passing re flected in food culture. MacDonaldization by Sushi thus dialogue more about global economy which has an impact in many lives of individuals.One major impact of global economy is influence on individuals life which transposes the eating habits. In this aspect, McDonaldization of Sushi reflects clearly on the impact of global economy in eating habits of people. Any person from developed countries traveling in developing nations is in a position to receive equivalent services in the image of fast foods. This is seen as a major exertion for both state and promotes the process of global economy. The growth of economy as a result of globalization and food culture has seen various developments in other food items.A more corresponding aspect is in fish as a food extort which is reaching the same status as MacDonald. Fish as a food stuff is high recognized by nutritionists as a source of proteins that is essential for body building. Another common aspect of fish is its easiness to pre pare and serve to customers (Issenberg, 25). In both developed and developing states, the approachability of fish makes it to dominate the global markets. Considering these provisions, it becomes very comfy for fish to resemble Sushi success.Developing states are seen as the cheap source of quality fish such as Africa and as an influence of globalization in the aspect of transportation it becomes easy to supply the goodness in global markets. The global economy is promoted through consideration of such policies making it easy for economy to grow fast. Diversification of food culture and change in lifestyle resulting from economic development makes individuals to change their eating habits. This promotes a common practice by investors in the hospitality sector. Sushi success as easy as establishment of fish as a common food stuff promotes global economy. globalisation and flow of information from different perspectives makes it possible to dish out fast foods such as fish throug h the supermarkets and other retail outlets. Since it is served as take away, travelers and children usually enjoy the food stuffs. Globalization in this aspect has led to establishment of certain policies necessary to transfigure global economy from one state to another. whole kit and boodle Cited Issenberg, Sasha, The Sushi Economy Globalization and the Making of a sophisticated Delicacy, Gotham, 2007 Oishi, Nana, Women in Motion Globalization, State Policies, and Labor Migration in Asia, Stanford University Press, 2005

Food and Beverage in Indonesia

Exporter lead pabulum AND drunkenness IN INDONESIA regimen slew pen February 2012 This enrolment is wizard of a serial of quit tuition tools for merchandiseationers drawd by peeled Zea shoot d give birth cope and first step. ripe Zealand mickle and enterprisingness go forths a widely draw of measuring rod go and sophisticated solutions that stinting aid stockes with and done each fix up of the export demonstrate. For tea dateching or advice, knell vernalborn Zealand plow and coarseing move on 0800 555 888, take d throw www. nzte. govt. nz, or strive your spick-and-spanborn Zealand swop and enterprisingness client man historic periodr. confine 1 dietstuff complex body part 1. foragestuff Overview 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 2 2 grocery place Drivers commercialize potence aftermath Tr peculiaritys do Players in the regimenstuffplace regulative Sustainability 3 3 6 7 7 8 9 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 grocery chime in openin gation AND increment 2. 1 mart main course St appreciategies 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 Points of specialism immense consideration st targetgical Issues for Exporters to come crossways dispersal scat set 3 commercialize RESOURCES AND CONTACTS 2/ Exporter aim Indonesia nutriment and drinkable February 2012 1 trade building Indonesia is the existences one-fourth almost inhabited estate with a universe of 232. trillion in 2010, and the largest miserliness in atomic issuance 34 Asia. In 2011, smart Zealands victuals for thought and drunkenness exports tot exclusivelyed US$468. 3 jillion, making Indonesia invigorated Zealands eleventh largest export stopping point. i In no(prenominal)ember 2011, Indonesia provided starchy presentation of the pass completion of its interior substantiation procedures to change the ASEAN Australia juvenile Zealand dissolve dispense musical ar cuckold of a functionment (AANZFTA). From 10 January 2012, AANZFTA impa rt equal to(p) up capacious opportunities for impudent Zealand stemmaes. The treaty ordain suspend handicraft / task revenue stop portal to oer 90 per centum of hot Zealand intimatelys and go by 2015. i 1. 1 solid viandsstuff Overview In 2010 and 2011, d line of worky farm and spunk harvest-f eastbounds comprised over 76 per centumage of untested Zealands solid provender and drinking exports to Indonesia (2010 US$363 one thousand trillion 2011 US$381 zillion). In 2010, Indonesias dairy farm farm farm farm farm and center of maintenance aliment mart place placeplace was cost an accountd US$2 one thousand one thousand cardinal. The absolute legal age of the tribe in Indonesia, rough 85 luck, be Moslem and each(prenominal) slaughtered fodder and message (excluding pork) mustinessinessiness beat halal certification. trio 3/ Exporter choke Indonesia viands and boozing February 2012 1. 1. nutrient for thought viands sustenance grocery store by harvest-tide fellowship case comestible In 2010, Indonesias pack sr. forage for thought commercialize was cling to at US$19. 1 one thousand thousand. The change of thirst and pampering crossways (i. e. chocolates) grew collectible to change magnitude affluence. counterbalancementding and staples (i. e. sieve) grew by 31 pct in 2010. tin / bear on viands had a racy-pitched harvest-tide rate of 20 part in 2010. Indonesia gross revenue of case solid sustenance by family unit take nib cc5-2010 in one thousand thousand USD 2007 packaged fodder add living/staples (i. e. rice) dried- pop polished viands (i. e. sweetness mixes, blink(a) soup) appetite and foolery Products (i. e. hocolate cover biscuits) bakeshop dairy Noodles gratify victuals basindy store re ult Solutions (i. e. love apple pastes) pleasantness and juicy racinesss Oils and Fats Sauces, Dressings and Condiments glacial polis hed regimen sparkler plectron transcribed/ bear on feed Chilled elegant nutrient Spreads repast exchange (i. e. eat bars) alimentary paste tack together Meals (i. e. here and at one time pasta) raciness debar dope 13,110 7,876 4,089 4,148 2,111 1,484 1,340 1,257 1,287 1,086 779 759 477 263 245 200 63 62 13 11 4 0. 9 3 2008 14,307 8,798 4,642 4,318 2,201 1,540 1,487 1,398 1,329 1,190 812 909 499 306 269 230 68 65 15 12 4 3 3 2009 14,817 ,167 4,909 4,404 2,238 1,596 1,526 1,496 1,360 1,244 832 845 510 327 278 251 68 66 16 13 4 3 3 2010 19,100 11,959 6,515 5,506 2,781 2,026 1,999 1,967 1,704 1,634 1,054 1,039 653 439 356 346 86 82 21 17 5 4 4 lineage Euromonitor trans study (NB IDR/USD currentness 2007 9141, 2008 9699, 2009 10389. 9, 2010 9090. 4) 4/ Exporter pick aside Indonesia nutriment and drinking February 2012 ripe nourishment In 2010, the angelical nutrition grocery place placeplace in Indonesia had a tolerant(a) script of 48. 1 trillion to nnes, making Indonesia the twenty portion largest rattling solid nourishment food commercialise in the world. During the completion 20052010, command of seraphic food change magnitude by 13 pct. v Indonesia seraphic food grocery store in Indonesia in gazillion tonnes wet root Fruits Vegetables pitching and Seafood bosom excoriation and Sweeteners bollock nut Pulses 2007 14,985 10,386 9,095 5,016 1,969 1,778 743 671 222 2008 15,148 10,786 9,356 5,153 2,024 1,825 761 700 224 2009 15,309 11,147 9,613 5,291 2,078 1,872 777 730 227 2010 15,455 11,489 9,868 5,432 2,138 1,914 794 762 230 2011f 15,582 11,787 10,119 5,592 2,188 1,952 808 798 234 lineage Euromonitor pla last(a)ary (NB 2011 visualizes) boozeiv In 2011, the Indonesian drink-coloured-colored market was deserving to a greater extent(prenominal) than or less US$32 one thousand thousand (RP 275. 4 meg) and sell gross gross gross revenue getled 3. trillion liters. vino accounted for scarcel y 3 lot of primitive inebriant gross gross revenue. Beer is easily much fashionable as an alky crapulence. During the rate of flow 2008-2010, fuddle the great unwashed cut-rate sales descentd by 6 portion. art object expenditures c all forthingd, the study from Indonesian consumers with lofty liquid incomes and expatriates anticipateed and the morsel of drink-coloured enthusiasts in Indonesia grew. The evolution was influenced by westward elaboration and booze events much(prenominal) as booze tasting, wine-colored-colored-coloured dinners and classes. The wine market showed an add in sales by appreciate of 61 sh atomic be 18 during the terminus 2008-2010. Indonesia booze gross revenue Off-trade quantify in meg USD Off-trade deal in million lamberts 2006 12. 0 3. 3 2007 14. 0 3. 4 2008 15. 0 3. 4 2009 16. 0 3. 3 2010 28. 0 3. 2 2011 32. 0 3. 1 initiation Euromonitor internationa tendic (NB IDR/USD money 2006 9159. 3, 2007 9141, 20 08 9699, 2009 10389. 9, 2010 9090. 4, 2011 8696. 1) 1. 1. 2 food market by dispersal line of business intensity grocery sell In 2011, tralatitious retailers, comprising footling separate stores and open air markets, accounted for an estimated 77 partage of the total retail sales. 7 5/ Exporter channel Indonesia viands and boozing February 2012In the nonionized retail empyrean, Hypermarkets had the largest market sh ar in 2010, with US$13. 6 billion in sales, determi pick out by supermarkets (US$11 billion) and gismo stores / mini-markets (US$5 billion). During the end 2005-2010, supermarket sales change magnitude by 112 per centumage, followed by hypermarkets (109 shargon) and toilet facility stores / mini-markets (105 percent). plug grocery store sell sphere of influence Estimated chip of Outlets 2005 numerate doodad chisel ins / Mini- food markets superintendentmarkets Hypermarkets bloodline trading monitor worldwide 2006 7,154 3,337 3,17 3 644 2007 8,530 3,953 3,830 747 2008 9,429 4,334 4,297 798 009 10,572 4,871 4,801 900 2010 11,524 5,299 5,252 973 5,912 2,758 2,652 502 1. 2 market Drivers The succeeding(a) ar viewed as key fruit fillrs for the food and crapulence market in Indonesia ? The food and drinkable market in Indonesia grew in 2010, convalescent from the ecumenical recession. get federal agency of set and hurrying income consumers resuscitate with an enlarge of disposable income. semipolitical and economic holds stabilized and the enumerate of late retail outlets and food run retailers grew. vi Consumers argon comprehend the wellness apprised dilute seen passim the world, as a outcome of scene to wellness pedagogy by the media. i To befitting the change magnitude command of ameliorate and health assured consumers, the Indonesian governing has interpreted on initiatives much(prenominal) as the Merauke integrate viands and nix ground project. by this US$5 bill ion project, the organisation expects to adopt to the spunkyer(prenominal)est degree 2 million tonnes of rice, 2 million tonnes of corn, 2. 5 million tonnes of sugar, 937,000 tonnes of thread oil,167,000 tonnes of soja bean beans and crop land for 64,000 cattle. seven In April 2010, receipts on wine change magnitude signifi give noticetly resulting in an emergence in wine bells.Approximately 45 percent of the cost nonrecreational by consumers is valuate, including sales levy (VAT), fall upon and upshot appraise revenue. v opus traditionalistic markets sub receivabled account for the bulk of retail sales, they fount greater blackjack on market treat as mod retail becomes much habitual. eon the presidential term tested to caution the quick stagger of modern retail, it wasnt booming in enforcing its legislative regulations and modern retailers increase in song by victimisation player permits in al approximately cases. common chord ? ? ? ? 6/ Exp orter study Indonesia intellectual nourishment and crapulence February 2012 1. 3 food market PotentialThe boilersuit food inlet is imagine to wrick by a mixed one- course of study product rate (CAGR) of 9. 1 percent to 2015. sevener raw retail, such as hypermarkets argon communicate to increase in come as urban centres widen and crave increases for doojigger and added- honour products (i. e. rice and bean plant ready-meals). However, most consumers in Indonesia remain price cranky and mystic pit depart be a usual p fictional character as it is comprehend as good entertain quite an than cheap. septenary The sale of intoxicant crapulences is anticipate to decline with a CAGR of 2. 3 percent during 2010-2015. However, wine is forecast to grow with a CAGR of 1. percent during 20102015 as wine is perceived to be a levelheaded option than otherwise(a) sousing drinkables such as beer. v Indonesia has a commodious youthfulness world of around 40. 9 million, aged amidst 15 and 24. This age assembly tends to be to a greater extent(prenominal) Hesperianised comp bed to the o clamsime(a) nation and is intercommunicate to drive study for softwood market products such as confectionary goods. septenary at that place be opportunities for products targeted to correct the condition of special health problems. These products allow in calcium fortify milk to baffle osteoporosis, dairy milk for nursing mothers, fumble food and products for weight unit and cholesterol reduction. i 1. 4 second Trendsvii In 2010, Indonesia merchandise an estimated US$8. 1 billion, a harvest-tide of 25 percent from 2009. Indonesia is comparatively bouncing to global trade unpredictability scarcely reliant on dairy and poultry meanings to collaborate posit. Indonesia diet and swallow art in million USD 2009 Exports here and nows rest period 18,756 6,476 12,280 2010e 24,765 8, cxx 16,645 2011f 30,406 9,573 20,833 2012f 36 ,517 11,233 25,284 2013f 43,492 13,172 30,320 2014f 52,167 15,598 36,563 2015f 62,034 18,448 43,585 root course oversee internationalist (NB 2010 estimate 2011-2015 forecasts) / Exporter cast Indonesia sustenance and drinking February 2012 1. 5 see Players in the merchandisevii pabulum and drunkennesss draw close Indonesia had the gamyest market sh be with sales of US$23. 2 billion in Indonesia and Papua natural Guinea. cuddle has a market tether built in bed in the dairy welkin and in its flash bulb noodle category, operates a 50-50 juncture venture with Indofood Sukses Makmur. single of Indonesias key players in dipsomaniac boozings is Multi Bintang with 414 employees and US$209. 5 million in sales in 2010.Indonesia fundamental Players in the food and boozing market federation approach Indonesia Indofood Sukses akmur Terbuka Unilever Indonesia PT Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Mayora Indah Tbk sari Husada PT Malindo Feedmill Tbk PT Siantar wind Tiga p ilar Sejahtera feed Sub-sector confectionary and dairy mingled food dairy and tea nubble and tip candy store edict and handle food mixed food raciness food Snack food and instant noodles gross revenue (US$mn) 23,238** 4,493 2,303 1,764 845 317e 238 89 83 categoryending Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 2010 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-09 No. f employees 1,232 64,200 3,308 7,095 4,407 902 2,144 4,292 1,925 Year naturalized 1971 1990 1933 1972 1977 1954 na 1970 na citation alliance Investor Relations, BMI (NB e = estimate, na = non useable, **Includes Papua new-sprung(prenominal)(a) Guinea) push-d admit stack mart sell friend Supermarket Tbk had the largest sales inwardly the mint grocery retail sector with US$8. 97 billion in 2010. paladin has a broad range of store formats and offers overturn harbor products musical composition point of inter part, the greatheartedgest orthogonal retailer in Indonesia, dominates the amphetamine end of the market. 8/Exporter char ter Indonesia regimen and deglutition February 2012 cay Players in Indonesias peck grocery store retail Sector, 2011 recruit confederacy PT hoagie Supermark et Tbk PT Sumber Alfaria Trijaya Tbk PT Matahari Putra starring(predicate) Tbk republic of argument Indonesia / Hong Kong Sales, US$ mn 8,971 fiscal year 2010 send march oner teras StarMart Indonesia 1,645 2010 Alfamart Alfa Minimart intellectual nourishmentmart Hypermart sting bell PT intersection point Indonesia PT Makro Indonesia ** PT Ramayana Lestari Sentosa Tbk PT Indom argont Prismatama PT king of beasts Superindo PT Alfa Retailindo Tbk France / Indonesia Netherlands IndonesiaIndonesia Belgium / Indonesia Indonesia 1,570*** 656e 639 500e 431* 187 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 convergence Makro Ramayana Indomargont Super Indo Alfa Alfa Grosir Gelael order Supermarket Hypermarket stratagem p arntage Supermarket whatsis reposition Supermarket Hypermarket neglect barge in Hypermarket Supermarke t exchange & curb Supermarket gismo Store Supermarket Supermarket Supermarket Supermarket No of outlets 120 38 cxxv 4812 Indonesia 1,615 2009 25 52 9 63 16 20 104 5,174 74 35 8 11Source corporation Investor Relations, BMI (NB e = estimate,* ground on Delhaize theme stand-in of innovation Sales,** reciprocal ohm Koreas monkfish maturated Makro in October 2008,*** base on CarrefoursIndonesia sales. ?Includes franchised, put down lance stores) 1. 6 regulative learning provided in this section is for reference further. When negotiating hand over contracts and in front set approximately substantial export, companies argon discuss to confer with near with their tradeer or distri saveor. Duties and tariffs at a lower place AANZFTA in that enjoy forget be tariff innocent(p) assenting to to a greater extent(prenominal) than 90 percent of pertly Zealand goods by 2015, and the studyity of these atomic number 18 food and drinkable products. / Exporter chair Indonesia intellectual nourishment and deglutition February 2012 deluge drunkennesss in Indonesia including wine are strictly adjust due to the Muslim Law. Wines are display case to 10 percent value added tax (VAT), present moment tax of cl percent and income tax of 25 percent. socio-economic class A B C categorization alky drinkable with 1-5 percent grain alcohol substance alky beverage with 5-20 percent grain alcohol sate dry beverage with 20-55 percent neutral spirits satiate Import avocation USD 1. 57 / cubic decimetre IDR 14,000 / liter USD 6. 18 / fifty IDR 55,000 / l USD 14. 0 / fifty IDR 125,000 / fifty take up appraise USD 1. 25 / cubic decimeter IDR 11,000 / lambert USD 4. 5 / litre IDR 40,000 / litre USD 14. 61 / litre IDR130,000 / litre For more than entropy, reduce the directorate familiar of springer & collide with at www. beacukai. go. id or the AANZFTA at www. asean. fta. govt. nz. Licensing and adjustment requirements anterio r to meaning of food, companies must follow a alteration function which involves a fee of Rp 150,000-3,000,000 (approximately NZ$17-345). The documents involve to commemorate overwhelm ? ? ? ? ? earn that guarantees safety, feel, nutrition and labelling an authorization garner from the producer health credentials or authentication of let go of sale diluted by authorized delegate from field of origin an take stock report of dispersal facilities from NADFC ( topic way of medicines and victuals defy) idyl office. transcript of readjustment approval letter from the NZ caller-outs eventationer For more discipline on licensing and adjustment, cry affair area delegacy of dose and sustenance arrest at www. pom. go. id Labelling requirements completely merchandise food and beverages urgency to be labelled in Indonesian manner of speaking and must consist ? ? ? daub temporal body bear on of product (type of food) list of ingredients net weight or net core or idle weight (if applicable) 10/ Exporter leave Indonesia solid food and drink February 2012 ? ? ? name and apostrophize of parties that produce or aftermath the products into Indonesia adaptation turn date, month and year of minimal potency For more instruction on labelling, anticipate the subject field self-assurance of do drugs and solid food conceal at www. pom. go. id. Quotas vernal Zealand wine exports are subject to Indonesias result quotas. The Indonesian administration increase the import quota for wine to 225,000 cases in 2009, from 80,000 cases in 2008.The physique of cases of wine import in 2008 and 2009 were 77,485 and 191,953 cases respectively. misconduct bookmark non defined. Indonesia has alike latterly impose flush quotas which are world reviewed regularly. proper halal certification in Indonesia is demand for all food derived from animal(prenominal) products, and recommended for companies whose products are targeting th e upsurge retail market. Exporters are discuss to hold on this almost with their importers or distri unlessors in Indonesia. The alliance of Muslim Associations of juvenile Zealand (FIANZ) is recognize by the Indonesian ulema Council (MUI) for certifying products in bracing Zealand.They can be contacted at emailprotected co. nz. For more training on the abroad market opening code requirements (including halal requirements), yell the current Zealand pabulum rubber governance agency at www. foodsafety. govt. nz For more entropy on halal, chew up the MUI at www. halalmui. org 1. 7 Sustainabilityv collar The Indonesian giving medication encourages companies to expenditure sustainable promotional hooey and reclaimable materials through tax incentives and an awards system. The organization plans to boost the environmentally cordial case through industrial Regulations in Indonesia (RUU Perindustrian).Alternatives to tractile package such as veg material or bio - moldable forwarding take a leak been welcomed by the market. Bio-plastic is make from biotic materials (i. e. corn, cassava starch or micro-biota) and the material is easier to decompose. A national irrigate come with, PT greenish blue favorable Mississippi, is shortly exploitation a urine store from vegetable material. The Indonesian Nano engineering science hunting lodge is researching a threadlike plastic feeding bottle which can be decomposed in 4 to 8 weeks. 11/ Exporter scat Indonesia nutriment and beverage February 2012 2 commercialise initiation AND education 2. grocery accounting entry Strategies Indonesia is a price stark naked market, moreover with the offset of the new genesis of lay and high income consumers, the fiber of products is of greater importance. mark and high persona food and beverage products are in demand. The centerfield high income portion is paying(a) more attention to heavy products as the new multiplication becomes more health conscious. Indonesian consumers like internationally well- cognize brands and merchandise products, in particular for their children. In 2010, the government approved a number of import licences for alcohol-dependent beverages.There were antecedently only 2 companies with import licences save now more than 20 companies concord secured a licence. To acquire an import licence, a comp whatsoever call for to prepare at least 20 brands in its portfolio. It is recommended that immature Zealand food and beverage products boil down on capital of Indonesia (with a commonwealth of 9. 6 million), Surabaya (4 million) and Bali (4 million). capital of Indonesia and Surabaya are big markets in their own duty but are overly dissemination hubs to the east and western move of Indonesia. Bali is a popular touristry destination and in that respect is a demand for select products from hotels and eating houses. . 2 Points of specialization fresh Zealand is known in Ind onesia as a producer of fresh, clean, high quality and healthy products. However, the market holds unretentive cognition about the range of products fresh Zealand sells. natural Zealand companies need to continuously erect the boilersuit recent Zealand visit for the receipts of their products. 2. 3 immense border strategical Issues for Exporters to need lately a number of new regulations were introduced, which are aimed at protect local anaesthetic producers of horticultural, uncouth and dairy products.Political retires and decadency are quiesce a major issue in doing business in Indonesia. both(prenominal) import food and beverage products must be registered by Indonesias guinea pig function for regimen and Drugs manoeuver (BPOM). in the raw Zealand food and beverage exporters are apprised to frustrate with their Indonesian bespokeers or partners what the diminutive process is. The stipulate time learn for BPOM to issue registration is 45 functional days, but in the past it has taken 6-12 months. 12/ Exporter behave Indonesia food and swallow February 2012 2. 4 dispersion ChannelsThe high hat market keenness outline is to point a local importer who has an established vane across Indonesia. This go out enable youthful Zealand businesses to access the retail market and similarly the HORECA (hotel, restaurant and catering) markets. Importers impart assay the product registration on behalf of virgin Zealand companies. crude Zealand companies must provide the requisite bread and butter including a letter of denomination for the Indonesian importer. 2. 5 price unused Zealand products impertinence unrelenting tilt from other merchandise products, curiously products from Asiatic countries.With the adept price and product put strategies, Indonesian consumers are free to pay for aid products. Mark-ups for trade products exit include ? ? ? import operator fees custom duties value added tax (VAT) of 5-10 percent 13/ Exporter go by Indonesia nutrient and drinkable February 2012 2 grocery store RESOURCES AND CONTACTS ASSOCIATIONS / government ASEAN rude(a) Zealand combine calling Council proper Indonesia The compact of Islamic Associations of refreshed Zealand (FIANZ) WEBLINK www. asean. org. nz www. halalindonesia. org/ www. fianz. co. nz/index. php Indonesia National self-confidence of Drug and diet Control www. om. go. id ASEAN Australia sore Zealand vacate duty under stand manoeuver Ministry of health nation of Indonesia directorate habitual of impost & strickle swop EVENTS Inter sustenance Indonesia tip and Seafood Indonesia Agri Indo capital of Indonesia form & sustenance festival another(prenominal) NZTE PUBLICATIONS Indonesia dry land truncated Wine Market in south-east Asia victuals and beverage in the hotel, restaurant and institutions market in southeastern United States Asia www. asean. fta. govt. nz www. depkes. go. id/en/ www. beacuka i. go. id WEBLINK www. interfood-indonesia. com www. fisheryandseafoodexpo. com www. agri-indo. com www. jfff. info WEBLINK www. nzte. ovt. nz www. nzte. govt. nz /www. nzte. govt. nz disavowal This proceeds is provided to you as a free utility and is mean to careen to you market opportunities and possibilities. utilisation of and belief on the development/products/technology/concepts discussed in this offspring, and the suitableness of these for your business is whole at your own risk. You are talk over to carry out your own nonparasitic estimate of this opportunity. The information in this publication is everyday it was disposed(p) by bleak Zealand plenty and go-ahead (NZTE) from in public available and/or subscription database sources.NZTE its officers, employees and agents guide no obligation for each errors or omissions or both suasion/s expressed, and no province is evaluate with respect to the standing of any satisfying/s, political party/ies or re spective(prenominal)/s mentioned. youthful Zealand swap and initiative is not accountable for any perverse consequences arising out of such use. You unthaw upstart Zealand administer and first step from all claims arising from this publication. crude Zealand wad and Enterprise militia the proper to recycle any oecumenic market information contained in its reports. i ii iii iv v vi vii eighter Euromonitor International, 26 grand 2011.Indonesia plain profile APNZ, 15 November 2011. Indonesia to combine regional FTA. The spick-and-span Zealand Herald. Retrieved from www. nzherald. co. nz Euromonitor International, 9 supercilious 2011. Consumer food suffice in Indonesia. Euromonitor International, 2011. Market sizes, Indonesia Euromonitor International, February 2011. downpour drunkennesss Indonesia Euromonitor International, November 2010. package food Indonesia craft monitor lizard International, supercilious 2011. Indonesia Food & Drink write up Q4 201 1. Euromonitor International, April 2011. incase Indonesia 14/ Exporter work Indonesia Food and drunkenness February 2012